ความปลอดภัย REST API ของ Symfony: การยืนยันตัวตน, JWT และคำถามสัมภาษณ์ 2026

# Install the bundle
composer require lexik/jwt-authentication-bundle

# Generate RSA keys for token signing
php bin/console lexik:jwt:generate-keypair

# config/packages/lexik_jwt_authentication.yaml
lexik_jwt_authentication:
    secret_key: '%env(resolve:JWT_SECRET_KEY)%'
    public_key: '%env(resolve:JWT_PUBLIC_KEY)%'
    pass_phrase: '%env(JWT_PASSPHRASE)%'
    token_ttl: 3600  # 1 hour

# config/packages/security.yaml
security:
    enable_authenticator_manager: true
    
    providers:
        app_user_provider:
            entity:
                class: App\Entity\User
                property: email
    
    firewalls:
        login:
            pattern: ^/api/login
            stateless: true
            json_login:
                check_path: /api/login_check
                success_handler: lexik_jwt_authentication.handler.authentication_success
                failure_handler: lexik_jwt_authentication.handler.authentication_failure
        
        api:
            pattern: ^/api
            stateless: true
            jwt: ~
    
    access_control:
        - { path: ^/api/login, roles: PUBLIC_ACCESS }
        - { path: ^/api/docs, roles: PUBLIC_ACCESS }
        - { path: ^/api, roles: IS_AUTHENTICATED_FULLY }

namespace App\Entity;

use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping as ORM;
use Symfony\Component\Security\Core\User\PasswordAuthenticatedUserInterface;
use Symfony\Component\Security\Core\User\UserInterface;

#[ORM\Entity]
#[ORM\Table(name: 'users')]
class User implements UserInterface, PasswordAuthenticatedUserInterface
{
    #[ORM\Id]
    #[ORM\GeneratedValue]
    #[ORM\Column]
    private ?int $id = null;

    #[ORM\Column(length: 180, unique: true)]
    private ?string $email = null;

    #[ORM\Column]
    private array $roles = [];

    #[ORM\Column]
    private ?string $password = null;

    public function getUserIdentifier(): string
    {
        return (string) $this->email;
    }

    public function getRoles(): array
    {
        $roles = $this->roles;
        $roles[] = 'ROLE_USER';  // Every user has ROLE_USER
        return array_unique($roles);
    }

    public function getPassword(): ?string
    {
        return $this->password;
    }

    public function eraseCredentials(): void
    {
        // Clear temporary sensitive data if stored
    }
}

# Install refresh token bundle
composer require gesdinet/jwt-refresh-token-bundle

# config/packages/gesdinet_jwt_refresh_token.yaml
gesdinet_jwt_refresh_token:
    refresh_token_lifetime: 2592000  # 30 days
    user_identity_field: email
    ttl_update: true  # Extend TTL on each use

# config/packages/security.yaml (add to firewalls)
refresh:
    pattern: ^/api/token/refresh
    stateless: true

# config/routes.yaml
api_refresh_token:
    path: /api/token/refresh
    controller: gesdinet.jwtrefreshtoken::refresh

namespace App\Security\Voter;

use App\Entity\Article;
use App\Entity\User;
use Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\TokenInterface;
use Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authorization\Voter\Voter;

class ArticleVoter extends Voter
{
    public const EDIT = 'ARTICLE_EDIT';
    public const DELETE = 'ARTICLE_DELETE';

    protected function supports(string $attribute, mixed $subject): bool
    {
        return in_array($attribute, [self::EDIT, self::DELETE])
            && $subject instanceof Article;
    }

    protected function voteOnAttribute(
        string $attribute,
        mixed $subject,
        TokenInterface $token
    ): bool {
        $user = $token->getUser();
        if (!$user instanceof User) {
            return false;  // Not logged in
        }

        /** @var Article $article */
        $article = $subject;

        return match ($attribute) {
            self::EDIT => $this->canEdit($article, $user),
            self::DELETE => $this->canDelete($article, $user),
            default => false,
        };
    }

    private function canEdit(Article $article, User $user): bool
    {
        // Authors can edit their own articles
        return $article->getAuthor() === $user;
    }

    private function canDelete(Article $article, User $user): bool
    {
        // Only admins can delete
        return in_array('ROLE_ADMIN', $user->getRoles(), true);
    }
}

#[Route('/api/articles/{id}', methods: ['PUT'])]
public function update(Article $article, Request $request): JsonResponse
{
    $this->denyAccessUnlessGranted(ArticleVoter::EDIT, $article);
    
    // Update logic here
    return $this->json($article);
}

# config/packages/rate_limiter.yaml
framework:
    rate_limiter:
        login_limiter:
            policy: 'sliding_window'
            limit: 5
            interval: '1 minute'

namespace App\EventListener;

use Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Attribute\AsEventListener;
use Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Exception\TooManyRequestsHttpException;
use Symfony\Component\RateLimiter\RateLimiterFactory;
use Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Event\CheckPassportEvent;

#[AsEventListener]
class LoginAttemptListener
{
    public function __construct(
        private RateLimiterFactory $loginLimiter
    ) {}

    public function __invoke(CheckPassportEvent $event): void
    {
        $request = $event->getRequest();
        $limiter = $this->loginLimiter->create($request->getClientIp());
        
        if (!$limiter->consume()->isAccepted()) {
            throw new TooManyRequestsHttpException(
                60,
                'Too many login attempts. Try again in 1 minute.'
            );
        }
    }
}

namespace App\EventListener;

use App\Entity\User;
use Lexik\Bundle\JWTAuthenticationBundle\Event\JWTCreatedEvent;
use Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Attribute\AsEventListener;

#[AsEventListener(event: 'lexik_jwt_authentication.on_jwt_created')]
class JWTCreatedListener
{
    public function __invoke(JWTCreatedEvent $event): void
    {
        $user = $event->getUser();
        if (!$user instanceof User) {
            return;
        }

        $payload = $event->getData();
        $payload['userId'] = $user->getId();
        $payload['roles'] = $user->getRoles();
        $payload['permissions'] = $user->getPermissions();  // Custom method
        
        $event->setData($payload);
    }
}

namespace App\Tests\Controller;

use App\Entity\User;
use Lexik\Bundle\JWTAuthenticationBundle\Services\JWTTokenManagerInterface;
use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Test\WebTestCase;

class ArticleControllerTest extends WebTestCase
{
    public function testAuthenticatedUserCanCreateArticle(): void
    {
        $client = static::createClient();
        $container = static::getContainer();
        
        // Get a test user from the database
        $user = $container->get('doctrine')
            ->getRepository(User::class)
            ->findOneBy(['email' => 'test@example.com']);
        
        // Generate JWT for this user
        $jwtManager = $container->get(JWTTokenManagerInterface::class);
        $token = $jwtManager->create($user);
        
        // Make authenticated request
        $client->request(
            'POST',
            '/api/articles',
            [],
            [],
            [
                'HTTP_AUTHORIZATION' => 'Bearer ' . $token,
                'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json',
            ],
            json_encode(['title' => 'Test Article', 'content' => 'Content'])
        );
        
        $this->assertResponseStatusCodeSame(201);
    }

    public function testUnauthenticatedUserCannotAccessApi(): void
    {
        $client = static::createClient();
        
        $client->request('GET', '/api/articles');
        
        $this->assertResponseStatusCodeSame(401);
    }
}