Rails GraphQL API ในปี 2026: graphql-ruby, Subscriptions และคำถามสัมภาษณ์

# Gemfile
gem 'graphql', '~> 2.4'

# Terminal
bundle install
rails generate graphql:install

# app/graphql/sharpskill_schema.rb
class SharpskillSchema < GraphQL::Schema
  mutation(Types::MutationType)
  query(Types::QueryType)
  subscription(Types::SubscriptionType)

  # ใช้ DataLoader ในตัวเพื่อป้องกัน N+1
  use GraphQL::Dataloader

  # จำเป็นสำหรับ subscriptions
  use GraphQL::Subscriptions::ActionCableSubscriptions
end

# app/graphql/types/user_type.rb
module Types
  class UserType < Types::BaseObject
    field :id, ID, null: false
    field :email, String, null: false
    field :created_at, GraphQL::Types::ISO8601DateTime, null: false

    # Association พร้อม batching อัตโนมัติผ่าน DataLoader
    field :posts, [Types::PostType], null: false

    def posts
      dataloader.with(Sources::ActiveRecordCollection, Post, :user_id).load(object.id)
    end
  end
end

# app/graphql/sources/active_record_collection.rb
class Sources::ActiveRecordCollection < GraphQL::Dataloader::Source
  def initialize(model, foreign_key)
    @model = model
    @foreign_key = foreign_key
  end

  def fetch(ids)
    records = @model.where(@foreign_key => ids).group_by(&@foreign_key)
    ids.map { |id| records[id] || [] }
  end
end

# app/graphql/types/query_type.rb
module Types
  class QueryType < Types::BaseObject
    field :users, [Types::UserType], null: false do
      argument :email_contains, String, required: false
      argument :limit, Integer, required: false, default_value: 20
    end

    def users(email_contains: nil, limit:)
      scope = User.all
      scope = scope.where('email ILIKE ?', "%#{email_contains}%") if email_contains
      scope.limit(limit)
    end

    field :user, Types::UserType, null: true do
      argument :id, ID, required: true
    end

    def user(id:)
      User.find_by(id: id)
    end
  end
end

# app/graphql/mutations/create_post.rb
module Mutations
  class CreatePost < Mutations::BaseMutation
    argument :title, String, required: true
    argument :body, String, required: true

    field :post, Types::PostType, null: true
    field :errors, [String], null: false

    def resolve(title:, body:)
      post = context[:current_user].posts.build(title: title, body: body)

      if post.save
        { post: post, errors: [] }
      else
        { post: nil, errors: post.errors.full_messages }
      end
    end
  end
end

# app/controllers/graphql_controller.rb
class GraphqlController < ApplicationController
  def execute
    context = {
      current_user: current_user,
      request: request
    }
    result = SharpskillSchema.execute(
      params[:query],
      variables: params[:variables],
      context: context,
      operation_name: params[:operationName]
    )
    render json: result
  end
end

# app/graphql/types/subscription_type.rb
module Types
  class SubscriptionType < Types::BaseObject
    field :post_created, Types::PostType, null: false do
      argument :user_id, ID, required: false
    end

    def post_created(user_id: nil)
      object # Object ที่ส่งผ่านจาก trigger
    end
  end
end

# app/models/post.rb
class Post < ApplicationRecord
  belongs_to :user

  after_create_commit :notify_subscribers

  private

  def notify_subscribers
    SharpskillSchema.subscriptions.trigger(
      :post_created,
      { user_id: user_id },
      self
    )
  end
end

# app/channels/graphql_channel.rb
class GraphqlChannel < ApplicationCable::Channel
  def subscribed
    @subscription_ids = []
  end

  def execute(data)
    result = SharpskillSchema.execute(
      data['query'],
      variables: data['variables'],
      context: { current_user: current_user, channel: self },
      operation_name: data['operationName']
    )

    payload = { result: result.to_h, more: result.subscription? }

    @subscription_ids << result.context[:subscription_id] if result.subscription?

    transmit(payload)
  end

  def unsubscribed
    @subscription_ids.each do |sid|
      SharpskillSchema.subscriptions.delete_subscription(sid)
    end
  end
end

# spec/graphql/queries/users_spec.rb
RSpec.describe 'Users query' do
  let!(:user) { create(:user, email: 'test@example.com') }

  let(:query) do
    <<~GRAPHQL
      query {
        users(emailContains: "test") {
          id
          email
        }
      }
    GRAPHQL
  end

  it 'returns users matching the filter' do
    result = SharpskillSchema.execute(query)
    users = result.dig('data', 'users')

    expect(users.length).to eq(1)
    expect(users.first['email']).to eq('test@example.com')
  end
end

# spec/graphql/mutations/create_post_spec.rb
RSpec.describe Mutations::CreatePost do
  let(:user) { create(:user) }
  let(:context) { { current_user: user } }

  let(:mutation) do
    <<~GRAPHQL
      mutation($title: String!, $body: String!) {
        createPost(input: { title: $title, body: $body }) {
          post { id title }
          errors
        }
      }
    GRAPHQL
  end

  it 'creates a post when valid' do
    result = SharpskillSchema.execute(
      mutation,
      variables: { title: 'Hello', body: 'World' },
      context: context
    )

    data = result.dig('data', 'createPost')
    expect(data['errors']).to be_empty
    expect(data['post']['title']).to eq('Hello')
  end

  it 'returns errors when invalid' do
    result = SharpskillSchema.execute(
      mutation,
      variables: { title: '', body: 'World' },
      context: context
    )

    data = result.dig('data', 'createPost')
    expect(data['errors']).to include("Title can't be blank")
  end
end