Spring Boot Observability 2026 완벽 가이드: OpenTelemetry, 분산 추적, 면접 질문

@Configuration
public class ObservabilityConfig {

    @Bean
    public ObservationRegistryCustomizer<ObservationRegistry> addLowCardinalityTags() {
        return registry -> registry.observationConfig()
            .observationHandler(new ObservationTextPublisher()); // Logs observations to console
    }
}

<!-- pom.xml -->
<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>io.micrometer</groupId>
        <artifactId>micrometer-tracing-bridge-otel</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>io.opentelemetry</groupId>
        <artifactId>opentelemetry-exporter-otlp</artifactId>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

# application.yml
management:
  tracing:
    sampling:
      probability: 1.0  # 100% sampling for dev, reduce in production
  otlp:
    tracing:
      endpoint: http://localhost:4318/v1/traces
  opentelemetry:
    resource-attributes:
      service.name: order-service
      deployment.environment: staging

@Service
public class PaymentService {

    private final ObservationRegistry observationRegistry;

    public PaymentService(ObservationRegistry observationRegistry) {
        this.observationRegistry = observationRegistry;
    }

    public PaymentResult processPayment(PaymentRequest request) {
        return Observation.createNotStarted("payment.process", observationRegistry)
            .lowCardinalityKeyValue("payment.method", request.getMethod().name())  // enum: CARD, BANK_TRANSFER
            .lowCardinalityKeyValue("currency", request.getCurrency())              // bounded: USD, EUR, GBP
            .highCardinalityKeyValue("payment.id", request.getPaymentId())          // unique per request
            .highCardinalityKeyValue("customer.id", request.getCustomerId())        // high cardinality
            .observe(() -> executePayment(request));
    }

    private PaymentResult executePayment(PaymentRequest request) {
        // Payment gateway call
        return new PaymentResult(true, "TXN-" + UUID.randomUUID());
    }
}

# application.yml
spring:
  reactor:
    context-propagation: auto
  task:
    execution:
      propagate-context: true

@Configuration
@EnableAsync
public class AsyncConfig {

    @Bean
    public TaskExecutor taskExecutor() {
        ThreadPoolTaskExecutor executor = new ThreadPoolTaskExecutor();
        executor.setCorePoolSize(10);
        executor.setMaxPoolSize(50);
        executor.setTaskDecorator(new ContextPropagatingTaskDecorator());
        executor.initialize();
        return executor;
    }
}

<!-- pom.xml -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-aop</artifactId>
</dependency>

# application.yml
management:
  observations:
    annotations:
      enabled: true

@Service
public class InventoryService {

    @Observed(name = "inventory.check", contextualName = "checkStock")
    public StockLevel checkStock(String productId) {
        // Database query
        return new StockLevel(productId, 42);
    }

    @NewSpan("inventory.reserve")  // Creates a child span under the current trace
    public ReservationResult reserveStock(String productId, int quantity) {
        // Update inventory
        return new ReservationResult(true, "RES-" + System.currentTimeMillis());
    }
}

@Configuration
public class ObservationFilterConfig {

    @Bean
    public ObservationPredicate noHealthChecks() {
        return (name, context) -> !name.equals("http.server.requests")
            || !isHealthEndpoint(context);
    }

    private boolean isHealthEndpoint(Observation.Context context) {
        if (context instanceof ServerRequestObservationContext http) {
            String path = http.getCarrier().getRequestURI();
            return path.startsWith("/actuator/health") || path.startsWith("/actuator/ready");
        }
        return false;
    }
}

# application.yml
management:
  observations:
    enable:
      spring.security: false  # Disable Spring Security observations
      http.server.requests.actuator: false  # Custom predicate name

<!-- logback-spring.xml -->
<configuration>
    <appender name="CONSOLE" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
        <encoder>
            <pattern>%d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%thread] %-5level %logger{36} - traceId=%X{traceId} spanId=%X{spanId} - %msg%n</pattern>
        </encoder>
    </appender>
    <root level="INFO">
        <appender-ref ref="CONSOLE" />
    </root>
</configuration>

# docker-compose.yml
services:
  otel-collector:
    image: otel/opentelemetry-collector-contrib:0.102.0
    command: ["--config", "/etc/otel-collector-config.yml"]
    volumes:
      - ./otel-collector-config.yml:/etc/otel-collector-config.yml
    ports:
      - "4318:4318"   # OTLP HTTP
      - "4317:4317"   # OTLP gRPC

  jaeger:
    image: jaegertracing/jaeger:2.3
    ports:
      - "16686:16686"  # UI
    environment:
      - COLLECTOR_OTLP_ENABLED=true

  app:
    build: .
    environment:
      - MANAGEMENT_OTLP_TRACING_ENDPOINT=http://otel-collector:4318/v1/traces
    depends_on:
      - otel-collector

# otel-collector-config.yml
receivers:
  otlp:
    protocols:
      http:
        endpoint: 0.0.0.0:4318
      grpc:
        endpoint: 0.0.0.0:4317

processors:
  batch:
    timeout: 1s
    send_batch_size: 1024

exporters:
  otlp/jaeger:
    endpoint: jaeger:4317
    tls:
      insecure: true

service:
  pipelines:
    traces:
      receivers: [otlp]
      processors: [batch]
      exporters: [otlp/jaeger]