สัมภาษณ์ iOS Senior 2026: คำถามเรื่องสถาปัตยกรรมและ Design Pattern

// Typical MVC example showing its limitations
class UserViewController: UIViewController {
    // The ViewController accumulates too many responsibilities
    private var users: [User] = []

    override func viewDidLoad() {
        super.viewDidLoad()
        // View logic
        setupUI()
        // Business logic
        fetchUsers()
        // Navigation logic
        setupNavigationBar()
    }

    private func fetchUsers() {
        // Networking in the VC: anti-pattern
        URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: URL(string: "api/users")!) { data, _, _ in
            // JSON parsing here too...
        }.resume()
    }
}

// ViewModel separated from any UIKit dependency
import Combine

@MainActor
final class UserViewModel: ObservableObject {
    // Published states for binding
    @Published private(set) var users: [User] = []
    @Published private(set) var isLoading = false
    @Published private(set) var errorMessage: String?

    // Injected dependency for testability
    private let userRepository: UserRepositoryProtocol
    private var cancellables = Set<AnyCancellable>()

    init(userRepository: UserRepositoryProtocol = UserRepository()) {
        self.userRepository = userRepository
    }

    func loadUsers() {
        isLoading = true
        errorMessage = nil

        userRepository.fetchUsers()
            .receive(on: DispatchQueue.main)
            .sink { [weak self] completion in
                self?.isLoading = false
                if case .failure(let error) = completion {
                    self?.errorMessage = error.localizedDescription
                }
            } receiveValue: { [weak self] users in
                self?.users = users
            }
            .store(in: &cancellables)
    }
}

// SwiftUI View consuming the ViewModel
import SwiftUI

struct UserListView: View {
    // StateObject for lifecycle management
    @StateObject private var viewModel = UserViewModel()

    var body: some View {
        Group {
            if viewModel.isLoading {
                ProgressView("Loading...")
            } else if let error = viewModel.errorMessage {
                ErrorView(message: error, retry: viewModel.loadUsers)
            } else {
                List(viewModel.users) { user in
                    UserRowView(user: user)
                }
            }
        }
        .onAppear { viewModel.loadUsers() }
    }
}

// Contract definitions between VIPER components
protocol UserListViewProtocol: AnyObject {
    var presenter: UserListPresenterProtocol? { get set }
    func showUsers(_ users: [UserViewModel])
    func showError(_ message: String)
    func showLoading()
}

protocol UserListPresenterProtocol: AnyObject {
    var view: UserListViewProtocol? { get set }
    var interactor: UserListInteractorInputProtocol? { get set }
    var router: UserListRouterProtocol? { get set }
    func viewDidLoad()
    func didSelectUser(_ user: UserViewModel)
}

protocol UserListInteractorInputProtocol: AnyObject {
    var presenter: UserListInteractorOutputProtocol? { get set }
    func fetchUsers()
}

protocol UserListInteractorOutputProtocol: AnyObject {
    func didFetchUsers(_ users: [User])
    func didFailWithError(_ error: Error)
}

protocol UserListRouterProtocol: AnyObject {
    func navigateToUserDetail(with userId: String)
}

// The Presenter bridges View and Interactor
final class UserListPresenter: UserListPresenterProtocol {
    weak var view: UserListViewProtocol?
    var interactor: UserListInteractorInputProtocol?
    var router: UserListRouterProtocol?

    func viewDidLoad() {
        view?.showLoading()
        interactor?.fetchUsers()
    }

    func didSelectUser(_ user: UserViewModel) {
        router?.navigateToUserDetail(with: user.id)
    }
}

// Extension for Interactor callbacks
extension UserListPresenter: UserListInteractorOutputProtocol {
    func didFetchUsers(_ users: [User]) {
        // Model -> ViewModel transformation
        let viewModels = users.map { UserViewModel(from: $0) }
        view?.showUsers(viewModels)
    }

    func didFailWithError(_ error: Error) {
        view?.showError(error.localizedDescription)
    }
}

// Pure business entity, no framework dependencies
struct User: Identifiable, Equatable {
    let id: String
    let email: String
    let fullName: String
    let subscriptionLevel: SubscriptionLevel

    enum SubscriptionLevel: String {
        case free, premium, enterprise
    }
}

// Domain/UseCases/GetUsersUseCase.swift
// Use Case encapsulating a business rule
protocol GetUsersUseCaseProtocol {
    func execute() async throws -> [User]
}

final class GetUsersUseCase: GetUsersUseCaseProtocol {
    // Dependency on abstraction, not implementation
    private let repository: UserRepositoryProtocol

    init(repository: UserRepositoryProtocol) {
        self.repository = repository
    }

    func execute() async throws -> [User] {
        let users = try await repository.fetchAll()
        // Business rule: sort by subscription level
        return users.sorted { $0.subscriptionLevel.rawValue > $1.subscriptionLevel.rawValue }
    }
}

// Concrete repository implementation
final class UserRepository: UserRepositoryProtocol {
    private let remoteDataSource: UserRemoteDataSourceProtocol
    private let localDataSource: UserLocalDataSourceProtocol

    init(
        remoteDataSource: UserRemoteDataSourceProtocol = UserRemoteDataSource(),
        localDataSource: UserLocalDataSourceProtocol = UserLocalDataSource()
    ) {
        self.remoteDataSource = remoteDataSource
        self.localDataSource = localDataSource
    }

    func fetchAll() async throws -> [User] {
        do {
            // Cache-first strategy with fallback
            let remoteUsers = try await remoteDataSource.fetchUsers()
            await localDataSource.save(remoteUsers)
            return remoteUsers
        } catch {
            // Fallback to local cache
            return try await localDataSource.fetchUsers()
        }
    }
}

// Simple and effective injection container
final class DIContainer {
    static let shared = DIContainer()

    private var factories: [String: () -> Any] = [:]

    func register<T>(_ type: T.Type, factory: @escaping () -> T) {
        let key = String(describing: type)
        factories[key] = factory
    }

    func resolve<T>(_ type: T.Type) -> T {
        let key = String(describing: type)
        guard let factory = factories[key], let instance = factory() as? T else {
            fatalError("No registration for \(key)")
        }
        return instance
    }
}

// Property Wrapper for elegant injection
@propertyWrapper
struct Injected<T> {
    private var value: T

    init() {
        self.value = DIContainer.shared.resolve(T.self)
    }

    var wrappedValue: T {
        get { value }
        mutating set { value = newValue }
    }
}

// Usage in a ViewModel
final class PaymentViewModel {
    @Injected private var paymentService: PaymentServiceProtocol
    @Injected private var analyticsService: AnalyticsServiceProtocol

    func processPayment(_ amount: Decimal) async throws {
        analyticsService.track(.paymentInitiated(amount: amount))
        try await paymentService.charge(amount)
    }
}

// Coordinator managing navigation flow
protocol Coordinator: AnyObject {
    var childCoordinators: [Coordinator] { get set }
    var navigationController: UINavigationController { get }
    func start()
}

final class AppCoordinator: Coordinator {
    var childCoordinators: [Coordinator] = []
    let navigationController: UINavigationController

    private let window: UIWindow

    init(window: UIWindow) {
        self.window = window
        self.navigationController = UINavigationController()
    }

    func start() {
        window.rootViewController = navigationController
        window.makeKeyAndVisible()

        // Flow decision based on state
        if AuthManager.shared.isAuthenticated {
            showMainFlow()
        } else {
            showAuthFlow()
        }
    }

    private func showAuthFlow() {
        let authCoordinator = AuthCoordinator(navigationController: navigationController)
        authCoordinator.delegate = self
        childCoordinators.append(authCoordinator)
        authCoordinator.start()
    }

    private func showMainFlow() {
        let mainCoordinator = MainCoordinator(navigationController: navigationController)
        childCoordinators.append(mainCoordinator)
        mainCoordinator.start()
    }
}

// Public contracts exposed by each module
protocol PaymentModuleProtocol {
    func startPaymentFlow(for productId: String, completion: @escaping (Result<Receipt, PaymentError>) -> Void)
}

protocol UserModuleProtocol {
    func getCurrentUser() -> User?
    func updateProfile(_ profile: ProfileUpdate) async throws
}

// Modules/Payment/PaymentModule.swift
// Internal module implementation
final class PaymentModule: PaymentModuleProtocol {
    static let shared: PaymentModuleProtocol = PaymentModule()

    private let paymentService: PaymentService

    private init() {
        self.paymentService = PaymentService()
    }

    func startPaymentFlow(for productId: String, completion: @escaping (Result<Receipt, PaymentError>) -> Void) {
        // Module-internal logic
        paymentService.process(productId: productId, completion: completion)
    }
}

// Decoupled event bus for async communication
enum AppEvent {
    case userDidLogin(User)
    case userDidLogout
    case purchaseCompleted(Receipt)
    case subscriptionChanged(SubscriptionLevel)
}

final class AppEventBus {
    static let shared = AppEventBus()

    // Private Subject, public Publisher
    private let eventSubject = PassthroughSubject<AppEvent, Never>()
    var events: AnyPublisher<AppEvent, Never> {
        eventSubject.eraseToAnyPublisher()
    }

    func send(_ event: AppEvent) {
        eventSubject.send(event)
    }
}

// Listening in any module
final class AnalyticsModule {
    private var cancellables = Set<AnyCancellable>()

    init() {
        AppEventBus.shared.events
            .sink { [weak self] event in
                self?.handleEvent(event)
            }
            .store(in: &cancellables)
    }

    private func handleEvent(_ event: AppEvent) {
        switch event {
        case .purchaseCompleted(let receipt):
            trackPurchase(receipt)
        case .userDidLogin(let user):
            identifyUser(user)
        default:
            break
        }
    }
}

// Unit tests with injected mocks
import XCTest
@testable import MyApp

final class UserViewModelTests: XCTestCase {
    private var sut: UserViewModel!
    private var mockRepository: MockUserRepository!

    override func setUp() {
        super.setUp()
        mockRepository = MockUserRepository()
        sut = UserViewModel(userRepository: mockRepository)
    }

    override func tearDown() {
        sut = nil
        mockRepository = nil
        super.tearDown()
    }

    func test_loadUsers_success_updatesUsersArray() async {
        // Given
        let expectedUsers = [User.mock(), User.mock()]
        mockRepository.stubbedUsers = expectedUsers

        // When
        await sut.loadUsers()

        // Then
        XCTAssertEqual(sut.users.count, 2)
        XCTAssertFalse(sut.isLoading)
        XCTAssertNil(sut.errorMessage)
    }

    func test_loadUsers_failure_setsErrorMessage() async {
        // Given
        mockRepository.stubbedError = NetworkError.noConnection

        // When
        await sut.loadUsers()

        // Then
        XCTAssertTrue(sut.users.isEmpty)
        XCTAssertNotNil(sut.errorMessage)
    }
}

// Mocks/MockUserRepository.swift
final class MockUserRepository: UserRepositoryProtocol {
    var stubbedUsers: [User] = []
    var stubbedError: Error?
    var fetchUsersCalled = false

    func fetchUsers() -> AnyPublisher<[User], Error> {
        fetchUsersCalled = true

        if let error = stubbedError {
            return Fail(error: error).eraseToAnyPublisher()
        }
        return Just(stubbedUsers)
            .setFailureType(to: Error.self)
            .eraseToAnyPublisher()
    }
}

// Integration test verifying business logic
final class GetUsersUseCaseTests: XCTestCase {
    func test_execute_sortsUsersBySubscriptionLevel() async throws {
        // Given
        let freeUser = User(id: "1", email: "free@test.com", fullName: "Free", subscriptionLevel: .free)
        let premiumUser = User(id: "2", email: "premium@test.com", fullName: "Premium", subscriptionLevel: .premium)

        let mockRepo = MockUserRepository()
        mockRepo.stubbedUsers = [freeUser, premiumUser]

        let sut = GetUsersUseCase(repository: mockRepo)

        // When
        let result = try await sut.execute()

        // Then - Premium should be first
        XCTAssertEqual(result.first?.subscriptionLevel, .premium)
        XCTAssertEqual(result.last?.subscriptionLevel, .free)
    }
}

// State machine for payment flow
enum CheckoutState: Equatable {
    case idle
    case loadingCart
    case cartLoaded(CartSummary)
    case processingPayment
    case paymentSucceeded(Receipt)
    case paymentFailed(PaymentError)

    var isLoading: Bool {
        switch self {
        case .loadingCart, .processingPayment: return true
        default: return false
        }
    }
}

@MainActor
final class CheckoutViewModel: ObservableObject {
    @Published private(set) var state: CheckoutState = .idle

    private let cartService: CartServiceProtocol
    private let paymentService: PaymentServiceProtocol

    init(cartService: CartServiceProtocol, paymentService: PaymentServiceProtocol) {
        self.cartService = cartService
        self.paymentService = paymentService
    }

    func loadCart() async {
        state = .loadingCart

        do {
            let summary = try await cartService.getSummary()
            state = .cartLoaded(summary)
        } catch {
            state = .paymentFailed(.cartLoadFailed)
        }
    }

    func confirmPayment() async {
        guard case .cartLoaded(let summary) = state else { return }

        state = .processingPayment

        do {
            let receipt = try await paymentService.charge(summary.total)
            state = .paymentSucceeded(receipt)
        } catch let error as PaymentError {
            state = .paymentFailed(error)
        } catch {
            state = .paymentFailed(.unknown)
        }
    }
}