การจัดการ State ใน Flutter: Riverpod vs BLoC - คู่มือเปรียบเทียบฉบับสมบูรณ์

// Riverpod 3.x: Notifier replaces StateNotifier as the standard pattern
@riverpod
class Counter extends _$Counter {
  @override
  int build() => 0;
  
  void increment() => state++;
}

// Usage in a widget
class CounterWidget extends ConsumerWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context, WidgetRef ref) {
    // Reactive read: automatic rebuild if value changes
    final count = ref.watch(counterProvider);
    return Text('$count');
  }
}

// BLoC 9.x: explicit events/states separation
sealed class CounterEvent {}
final class IncrementPressed extends CounterEvent {}

class CounterBloc extends Bloc<CounterEvent, int> {
  CounterBloc() : super(0) {
    // Each event has its dedicated handler
    on<IncrementPressed>((event, emit) => emit(state + 1));
  }
}

// Usage in a widget
class CounterWidget extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return BlocBuilder<CounterBloc, int>(
      builder: (context, count) => Text('$count'),
    );
  }
}

// Riverpod configuration: single wrapper at root
import 'package:flutter_riverpod/flutter_riverpod.dart';

void main() {
  runApp(
    // ProviderScope wraps the entire application
    const ProviderScope(
      child: MyApp(),
    ),
  );
}

class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
  const MyApp({super.key});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return MaterialApp(
      home: HomeScreen(),
    );
  }
}

// BLoC configuration: explicit providers for each Bloc
import 'package:flutter_bloc/flutter_bloc.dart';

void main() {
  runApp(const MyApp());
}

class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
  const MyApp({super.key});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    // MultiBlocProvider for multiple Blocs
    return MultiBlocProvider(
      providers: [
        BlocProvider(create: (_) => AuthBloc()),
        BlocProvider(create: (_) => ThemeBloc()),
      ],
      child: MaterialApp(
        home: HomeScreen(),
      ),
    );
  }
}

// Notifier pattern: the standard in Riverpod 3.x
@riverpod
class Counter extends _$Counter {
  @override
  int build() => 0;

  void increment() => state++;
  void decrement() => state--;
  void reset() => state = 0;
}

class CounterScreen extends ConsumerWidget {
  const CounterScreen({super.key});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context, WidgetRef ref) {
    // watch for reactive value
    final count = ref.watch(counterProvider);

    return Scaffold(
      body: Center(child: Text('Count: $count')),
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        // read for actions (no rebuild)
        onPressed: () => ref.read(counterProvider.notifier).increment(),
        child: const Icon(Icons.add),
      ),
    );
  }
}

// Typed events for each possible action
sealed class CounterEvent {}
final class CounterIncremented extends CounterEvent {}
final class CounterDecremented extends CounterEvent {}
final class CounterReset extends CounterEvent {}

// Bloc with handlers for each event
class CounterBloc extends Bloc<CounterEvent, int> {
  CounterBloc() : super(0) {
    on<CounterIncremented>((event, emit) => emit(state + 1));
    on<CounterDecremented>((event, emit) => emit(state - 1));
    on<CounterReset>((event, emit) => emit(0));
  }
}

class CounterScreen extends StatelessWidget {
  const CounterScreen({super.key});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      body: Center(
        child: BlocBuilder<CounterBloc, int>(
          builder: (context, count) => Text('Count: $count'),
        ),
      ),
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        // Event dispatch to modify state
        onPressed: () => context.read<CounterBloc>().add(CounterIncremented()),
        child: const Icon(Icons.add),
      ),
    );
  }
}

// AsyncNotifier: automatic loading/error/data management with retry
@riverpod
class Users extends _$Users {
  @override
  Future<List<User>> build() async {
    // autoDispose releases resources when provider is no longer used
    // Automatic retry on failure (exponential backoff: 200ms to 6.4s)
    final repository = ref.watch(userRepositoryProvider);
    return repository.fetchUsers();
  }

  Future<void> refresh() async {
    state = const AsyncLoading();
    state = await AsyncValue.guard(() => build());
  }
}

class UsersScreen extends ConsumerWidget {
  const UsersScreen({super.key});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context, WidgetRef ref) {
    final usersAsync = ref.watch(usersProvider);

    // when handles all 3 possible states
    return usersAsync.when(
      loading: () => const Center(child: CircularProgressIndicator()),
      error: (error, stack) => Center(
        child: Column(
          mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
          children: [
            Text('Error: $error'),
            ElevatedButton(
              // invalidate forces reload
              onPressed: () => ref.invalidate(usersProvider),
              child: const Text('Retry'),
            ),
          ],
        ),
      ),
      data: (users) => ListView.builder(
        itemCount: users.length,
        itemBuilder: (context, index) => UserTile(user: users[index]),
      ),
    );
  }
}

// Explicit states for each loading phase
sealed class UsersState {}
final class UsersInitial extends UsersState {}
final class UsersLoading extends UsersState {}
final class UsersLoaded extends UsersState {
  final List<User> users;
  UsersLoaded(this.users);
}
final class UsersError extends UsersState {
  final String message;
  UsersError(this.message);
}

// Events to trigger actions
sealed class UsersEvent {}
final class UsersFetchRequested extends UsersEvent {}
final class UsersRefreshRequested extends UsersEvent {}

class UsersBloc extends Bloc<UsersEvent, UsersState> {
  final UserRepository _repository;

  UsersBloc(this._repository) : super(UsersInitial()) {
    on<UsersFetchRequested>(_onFetchRequested);
    on<UsersRefreshRequested>(_onRefreshRequested);
  }

  Future<void> _onFetchRequested(
    UsersFetchRequested event,
    Emitter<UsersState> emit,
  ) async {
    emit(UsersLoading());
    try {
      final users = await _repository.fetchUsers();
      emit(UsersLoaded(users));
    } catch (e) {
      emit(UsersError(e.toString()));
    }
  }

  Future<void> _onRefreshRequested(
    UsersRefreshRequested event,
    Emitter<UsersState> emit,
  ) async {
    // Keep current state during refresh
    final currentState = state;
    try {
      final users = await _repository.fetchUsers();
      emit(UsersLoaded(users));
    } catch (e) {
      // Restore previous state on error
      if (currentState is UsersLoaded) {
        emit(currentState);
      } else {
        emit(UsersError(e.toString()));
      }
    }
  }
}

// Widget with pattern matching on states
class UsersScreen extends StatelessWidget {
  const UsersScreen({super.key});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return BlocBuilder<UsersBloc, UsersState>(
      builder: (context, state) {
        return switch (state) {
          UsersInitial() => Center(
              child: ElevatedButton(
                onPressed: () => context.read<UsersBloc>().add(UsersFetchRequested()),
                child: const Text('Load'),
              ),
            ),
          UsersLoading() => const Center(child: CircularProgressIndicator()),
          UsersError(:final message) => Center(
              child: Column(
                mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
                children: [
                  Text('Error: $message'),
                  ElevatedButton(
                    onPressed: () => context
                        .read<UsersBloc>()
                        .add(UsersFetchRequested()),
                    child: const Text('Retry'),
                  ),
                ],
              ),
            ),
          UsersLoaded(:final users) => ListView.builder(
              itemCount: users.length,
              itemBuilder: (context, index) => UserTile(user: users[index]),
            ),
        };
      },
    );
  }
}

// Base provider: configuration
@riverpod
ApiClient apiClient(Ref ref) {
  final baseUrl = ref.watch(environmentProvider).apiUrl;
  return ApiClient(baseUrl: baseUrl);
}

// Dependent provider: repository
@riverpod
ProductRepository productRepository(Ref ref) {
  // Automatic client injection
  final client = ref.watch(apiClientProvider);
  return ProductRepository(client);
}

// Provider with parameter: product by ID
@riverpod
Future<Product> product(Ref ref, String productId) async {
  final repository = ref.watch(productRepositoryProvider);
  return repository.getProduct(productId);
}

// Derived provider: filtered products
@riverpod
List<Product> filteredProducts(Ref ref) {
  final products = ref.watch(productsProvider).valueOrNull ?? [];
  final filter = ref.watch(productFilterProvider);

  return products.where((p) => p.category == filter.category).toList();
}

// Usage with parameter
class ProductDetailScreen extends ConsumerWidget {
  final String productId;

  const ProductDetailScreen({super.key, required this.productId});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context, WidgetRef ref) {
    // family allows passing parameters
    final productAsync = ref.watch(productProvider(productId));

    return productAsync.when(
      loading: () => const ProductSkeleton(),
      error: (e, _) => ErrorWidget(error: e),
      data: (product) => ProductDetails(product: product),
    );
  }
}

// Repository injected into the Bloc
class ProductBloc extends Bloc<ProductEvent, ProductState> {
  final ProductRepository _repository;
  final CartBloc _cartBloc;
  late final StreamSubscription _cartSubscription;

  ProductBloc({
    required ProductRepository repository,
    required CartBloc cartBloc,
  })  : _repository = repository,
        _cartBloc = cartBloc,
        super(ProductInitial()) {
    on<ProductFetchRequested>(_onFetchRequested);
    on<ProductAddedToCart>(_onAddedToCart);

    // Listen to cart changes
    _cartSubscription = _cartBloc.stream.listen((cartState) {
      // React to cart changes
      if (cartState is CartUpdated) {
        add(ProductCartSyncRequested(cartState.items));
      }
    });
  }

  Future<void> _onFetchRequested(
    ProductFetchRequested event,
    Emitter<ProductState> emit,
  ) async {
    emit(ProductLoading());
    try {
      final product = await _repository.getProduct(event.productId);
      // Check if product is in cart
      final isInCart = _cartBloc.state.contains(product.id);
      emit(ProductLoaded(product, isInCart: isInCart));
    } catch (e) {
      emit(ProductError(e.toString()));
    }
  }

  @override
  Future<void> close() {
    _cartSubscription.cancel();
    return super.close();
  }
}

// Configuration with dependency injection
class ProductsPage extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return BlocProvider(
      create: (context) => ProductBloc(
        repository: context.read<ProductRepository>(),
        cartBloc: context.read<CartBloc>(),
      )..add(ProductFetchRequested()),
      child: const ProductsView(),
    );
  }
}

import 'package:flutter_riverpod/flutter_riverpod.dart';
import 'package:flutter_test/flutter_test.dart';
import 'package:mocktail/mocktail.dart';

class MockUserRepository extends Mock implements UserRepository {}

void main() {
  group('UserProvider Tests', () {
    late MockUserRepository mockRepository;

    setUp(() {
      mockRepository = MockUserRepository();
    });

    test('returns users from repository', () async {
      // Arrange
      final expectedUsers = [User(id: '1', name: 'Test')];
      when(() => mockRepository.fetchUsers())
          .thenAnswer((_) async => expectedUsers);

      // ProviderContainer.test auto-disposes after test
      final container = ProviderContainer.test(
        overrides: [
          userRepositoryProvider.overrideWithValue(mockRepository),
        ],
      );

      // Act
      final users = await container.read(usersProvider.future);

      // Assert
      expect(users, expectedUsers);
      verify(() => mockRepository.fetchUsers()).called(1);
    });

    test('handles repository errors', () async {
      when(() => mockRepository.fetchUsers())
          .thenThrow(Exception('Network error'));

      final container = ProviderContainer.test(
        overrides: [
          userRepositoryProvider.overrideWithValue(mockRepository),
        ],
      );

      expect(
        () => container.read(usersProvider.future),
        throwsException,
      );
    });
  });
}

import 'package:bloc_test/bloc_test.dart';
import 'package:flutter_test/flutter_test.dart';
import 'package:mocktail/mocktail.dart';

class MockUserRepository extends Mock implements UserRepository {}

void main() {
  group('UsersBloc Tests', () {
    late MockUserRepository mockRepository;

    setUp(() {
      mockRepository = MockUserRepository();
    });

    // blocTest simplifies state sequence testing
    blocTest<UsersBloc, UsersState>(
      'emits [Loading, Loaded] when fetch succeeds',
      build: () {
        when(() => mockRepository.fetchUsers())
            .thenAnswer((_) async => [User(id: '1', name: 'Test')]);
        return UsersBloc(mockRepository);
      },
      act: (bloc) => bloc.add(UsersFetchRequested()),
      expect: () => [
        isA<UsersLoading>(),
        isA<UsersLoaded>().having(
          (s) => s.users.length,
          'users count',
          1,
        ),
      ],
    );

    blocTest<UsersBloc, UsersState>(
      'emits [Loading, Error] when fetch fails',
      build: () {
        when(() => mockRepository.fetchUsers())
            .thenThrow(Exception('Network error'));
        return UsersBloc(mockRepository);
      },
      act: (bloc) => bloc.add(UsersFetchRequested()),
      expect: () => [
        isA<UsersLoading>(),
        isA<UsersError>(),
      ],
    );
  });
}

// select to rebuild only if targeted value changes
class UserNameWidget extends ConsumerWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context, WidgetRef ref) {
    // Rebuilds only if user.name changes
    final name = ref.watch(userProvider.select((user) => user.name));
    return Text(name);
  }
}

// Provider with automatic caching
@riverpod
ExpensiveResult expensiveComputation(Ref ref) {
  final input = ref.watch(inputProvider);
  // Computation automatically cached
  return performExpensiveComputation(input);
}

// keepAlive with timer for temporary caching
@riverpod
Future<List<Product>> searchResults(Ref ref, String query) async {
  // Temporary keepAlive during typing
  final link = ref.keepAlive();

  // Timer to release after inactivity
  final timer = Timer(const Duration(seconds: 30), link.close);
  ref.onDispose(timer.cancel);

  return searchProducts(query);
}

// buildWhen limits rebuilds conditionally
class UserNameWidget extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return BlocBuilder<UserBloc, UserState>(
      // Rebuilds only if name changes
      buildWhen: (previous, current) {
        if (previous is UserLoaded && current is UserLoaded) {
          return previous.user.name != current.user.name;
        }
        return true;
      },
      builder: (context, state) {
        if (state is UserLoaded) {
          return Text(state.user.name);
        }
        return const SizedBox.shrink();
      },
    );
  }
}

// BlocSelector to extract a specific value
class UserAvatarWidget extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return BlocSelector<UserBloc, UserState, String?>(
      // Select only the avatar URL
      selector: (state) => state is UserLoaded ? state.user.avatarUrl : null,
      builder: (context, avatarUrl) {
        if (avatarUrl == null) return const DefaultAvatar();
        return NetworkImage(avatarUrl);
      },
    );
  }
}

// Authentication state with sealed class
sealed class AuthState {
  const AuthState();
}
final class AuthInitial extends AuthState {
  const AuthInitial();
}
final class AuthLoading extends AuthState {
  const AuthLoading();
}
final class AuthAuthenticated extends AuthState {
  final User user;
  const AuthAuthenticated(this.user);
}
final class AuthUnauthenticated extends AuthState {
  final String? error;
  const AuthUnauthenticated([this.error]);
}

// Notifier to manage auth state
@riverpod
class Auth extends _$Auth {
  @override
  Future<AuthState> build() async {
    final storage = ref.watch(secureStorageProvider);
    final repository = ref.watch(authRepositoryProvider);
    
    final token = await storage.getToken();
    if (token != null) {
      try {
        final user = await repository.getCurrentUser(token);
        return AuthAuthenticated(user);
      } catch (_) {
        await storage.deleteToken();
        return const AuthUnauthenticated();
      }
    }
    return const AuthUnauthenticated();
  }

  Future<void> login(String email, String password) async {
    state = const AsyncLoading();
    final repository = ref.read(authRepositoryProvider);
    final storage = ref.read(secureStorageProvider);
    
    try {
      final result = await repository.login(email, password);
      await storage.saveToken(result.token);
      state = AsyncData(AuthAuthenticated(result.user));
    } catch (e) {
      state = AsyncData(AuthUnauthenticated(e.toString()));
    }
  }

  Future<void> logout() async {
    final storage = ref.read(secureStorageProvider);
    await storage.deleteToken();
    state = const AsyncData(AuthUnauthenticated());
  }
}

// Redirect based on auth state
@riverpod
GoRouter router(Ref ref) {
  final authState = ref.watch(authProvider);

  return GoRouter(
    redirect: (context, state) {
      final isAuth = authState.valueOrNull is AuthAuthenticated;
      final isAuthRoute = state.matchedLocation.startsWith('/auth');

      if (!isAuth && !isAuthRoute) return '/auth/login';
      if (isAuth && isAuthRoute) return '/home';
      return null;
    },
    routes: [...],
  );
}

// Exhaustive states for authentication
sealed class AuthState {
  const AuthState();
}
final class AuthInitial extends AuthState {
  const AuthInitial();
}
final class AuthCheckInProgress extends AuthState {
  const AuthCheckInProgress();
}
final class AuthLoginInProgress extends AuthState {
  const AuthLoginInProgress();
}
final class AuthSuccess extends AuthState {
  final User user;
  const AuthSuccess(this.user);
}
final class AuthFailure extends AuthState {
  final String error;
  const AuthFailure(this.error);
}
final class AuthLoggedOut extends AuthState {
  const AuthLoggedOut();
}

// Authentication events
sealed class AuthEvent {
  const AuthEvent();
}
final class AuthCheckRequested extends AuthEvent {
  const AuthCheckRequested();
}
final class AuthLoginSubmitted extends AuthEvent {
  final String email;
  final String password;
  const AuthLoginSubmitted(this.email, this.password);
}
final class AuthLogoutRequested extends AuthEvent {
  const AuthLogoutRequested();
}

class AuthBloc extends Bloc<AuthEvent, AuthState> {
  final AuthRepository _repository;
  final SecureStorage _storage;

  AuthBloc({
    required AuthRepository repository,
    required SecureStorage storage,
  })  : _repository = repository,
        _storage = storage,
        super(const AuthInitial()) {
    on<AuthCheckRequested>(_onCheckRequested);
    on<AuthLoginSubmitted>(_onLoginSubmitted);
    on<AuthLogoutRequested>(_onLogoutRequested);
  }

  Future<void> _onCheckRequested(
    AuthCheckRequested event,
    Emitter<AuthState> emit,
  ) async {
    emit(const AuthCheckInProgress());
    final token = await _storage.getToken();

    if (token == null) {
      emit(const AuthLoggedOut());
      return;
    }

    try {
      final user = await _repository.getCurrentUser(token);
      emit(AuthSuccess(user));
    } catch (_) {
      await _storage.deleteToken();
      emit(const AuthLoggedOut());
    }
  }

  Future<void> _onLoginSubmitted(
    AuthLoginSubmitted event,
    Emitter<AuthState> emit,
  ) async {
    emit(const AuthLoginInProgress());
    try {
      final result = await _repository.login(event.email, event.password);
      await _storage.saveToken(result.token);
      emit(AuthSuccess(result.user));
    } catch (e) {
      emit(AuthFailure(e.toString()));
    }
  }

  Future<void> _onLogoutRequested(
    AuthLogoutRequested event,
    Emitter<AuthState> emit,
  ) async {
    await _storage.deleteToken();
    emit(const AuthLoggedOut());
  }
}