Clean Architecture .NET 2026: CQRS, MediatR และคำถามสัมภาษณ์นักพัฒนา

// Core/Domain Layer - ไม่มี dependencies ภายนอก
// src/Core/Domain/Entities/Order.cs
namespace Core.Domain.Entities;

public class Order
{
    public Guid Id { get; private set; }
    public string CustomerEmail { get; private set; }
    public List<OrderLine> Lines { get; private set; } = new();
    public OrderStatus Status { get; private set; }
    public DateTime CreatedAt { get; private set; }

    // Domain logic ถูก encapsulate ใน entity
    public void AddLine(Product product, int quantity)
    {
        if (Status != OrderStatus.Draft)
            throw new InvalidOperationException("Cannot modify a submitted order");

        var existingLine = Lines.FirstOrDefault(l => l.ProductId == product.Id);
        if (existingLine is not null)
        {
            existingLine.IncreaseQuantity(quantity);
            return;
        }

        Lines.Add(new OrderLine(product.Id, product.Price, quantity));
    }

    public void Submit()
    {
        if (!Lines.Any())
            throw new InvalidOperationException("Cannot submit an empty order");

        Status = OrderStatus.Submitted;
    }
}

// UseCases Layer - Commands และ Queries
// src/UseCases/Orders/Commands/CreateOrder/CreateOrderCommand.cs
namespace UseCases.Orders.Commands.CreateOrder;

public record CreateOrderCommand(
    string CustomerEmail,
    List<OrderLineDto> Lines
) : IRequest<Result<Guid>>;

public record OrderLineDto(Guid ProductId, int Quantity);

namespace UseCases.Orders.Queries.GetOrderById;

public record GetOrderByIdQuery(Guid OrderId) : IRequest<Result<OrderDetailsDto>>;

public record OrderDetailsDto(
    Guid Id,
    string CustomerEmail,
    string Status,
    decimal TotalAmount,
    List<OrderLineDetailsDto> Lines
);

namespace UseCases.Orders.Commands.CreateOrder;

public class CreateOrderHandler : IRequestHandler<CreateOrderCommand, Result<Guid>>
{
    private readonly IOrderRepository _orderRepository;
    private readonly IProductRepository _productRepository;
    private readonly IUnitOfWork _unitOfWork;

    public CreateOrderHandler(
        IOrderRepository orderRepository,
        IProductRepository productRepository,
        IUnitOfWork unitOfWork)
    {
        _orderRepository = orderRepository;
        _productRepository = productRepository;
        _unitOfWork = unitOfWork;
    }

    public async Task<Result<Guid>> Handle(
        CreateOrderCommand request,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        // โหลด products เพื่อ validate และรับราคา
        var productIds = request.Lines.Select(l => l.ProductId).ToList();
        var products = await _productRepository
            .GetByIdsAsync(productIds, cancellationToken);

        if (products.Count != productIds.Count)
            return Result.NotFound("One or more products not found");

        // สร้าง order โดยใช้ domain logic
        var order = new Order(request.CustomerEmail);

        foreach (var line in request.Lines)
        {
            var product = products.First(p => p.Id == line.ProductId);
            order.AddLine(product, line.Quantity);
        }

        await _orderRepository.AddAsync(order, cancellationToken);
        await _unitOfWork.SaveChangesAsync(cancellationToken);

        return Result.Success(order.Id);
    }
}

namespace UseCases.Common.Behaviors;

public class ValidationBehavior<TRequest, TResponse>
    : IPipelineBehavior<TRequest, TResponse>
    where TRequest : IRequest<TResponse>
{
    private readonly IEnumerable<IValidator<TRequest>> _validators;

    public ValidationBehavior(IEnumerable<IValidator<TRequest>> validators)
    {
        _validators = validators;
    }

    public async Task<TResponse> Handle(
        TRequest request,
        RequestHandlerDelegate<TResponse> next,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        if (!_validators.Any())
            return await next();

        var context = new ValidationContext<TRequest>(request);

        var validationResults = await Task.WhenAll(
            _validators.Select(v => v.ValidateAsync(context, cancellationToken)));

        var failures = validationResults
            .SelectMany(r => r.Errors)
            .Where(f => f is not null)
            .ToList();

        if (failures.Any())
            throw new ValidationException(failures);

        return await next();
    }
}

builder.Services.AddMediatR(cfg =>
{
    cfg.RegisterServicesFromAssembly(typeof(CreateOrderCommand).Assembly);
    cfg.AddOpenBehavior(typeof(ValidationBehavior<,>));
    cfg.AddOpenBehavior(typeof(LoggingBehavior<,>));
    cfg.AddOpenBehavior(typeof(TransactionBehavior<,>));
});

namespace Infrastructure.Data.Repositories;

public class OrderRepository : IOrderRepository
{
    private readonly AppDbContext _context;

    public OrderRepository(AppDbContext context)
    {
        _context = context;
    }

    public async Task<Order?> GetByIdAsync(
        Guid id,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
    {
        return await _context.Orders
            .Include(o => o.Lines)
            .FirstOrDefaultAsync(o => o.Id == id, cancellationToken);
    }

    public async Task AddAsync(
        Order order,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
    {
        await _context.Orders.AddAsync(order, cancellationToken);
    }

    public async Task<IReadOnlyList<Order>> GetByCustomerEmailAsync(
        string email,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
    {
        return await _context.Orders
            .Where(o => o.CustomerEmail == email)
            .OrderByDescending(o => o.CreatedAt)
            .ToListAsync(cancellationToken);
    }
}

// Transaction behavior ครอบคลุมการทำงานทั้งหมดของ handler
public class TransactionBehavior<TRequest, TResponse>
    : IPipelineBehavior<TRequest, TResponse>
    where TRequest : IRequest<TResponse>
{
    private readonly IUnitOfWork _unitOfWork;

    public TransactionBehavior(IUnitOfWork unitOfWork)
    {
        _unitOfWork = unitOfWork;
    }

    public async Task<TResponse> Handle(
        TRequest request,
        RequestHandlerDelegate<TResponse> next,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        // Commands ที่แก้ไข aggregates หลายตัวใช้ transactions ที่ชัดเจน
        if (request is not ICommand)
            return await next();

        await using var transaction = await _unitOfWork
            .BeginTransactionAsync(cancellationToken);

        try
        {
            var response = await next();
            await transaction.CommitAsync(cancellationToken);
            return response;
        }
        catch
        {
            await transaction.RollbackAsync(cancellationToken);
            throw;
        }
    }
}

namespace Infrastructure.Queries;

public class GetOrderByIdQueryHandler
    : IRequestHandler<GetOrderByIdQuery, Result<OrderDetailsDto>>
{
    private readonly IDbConnection _connection;

    public GetOrderByIdQueryHandler(IDbConnection connection)
    {
        _connection = connection;
    }

    public async Task<Result<OrderDetailsDto>> Handle(
        GetOrderByIdQuery request,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        const string sql = """
            SELECT o.Id, o.CustomerEmail, o.Status, o.CreatedAt,
                   SUM(ol.UnitPrice * ol.Quantity) AS TotalAmount
            FROM Orders o
            LEFT JOIN OrderLines ol ON ol.OrderId = o.Id
            WHERE o.Id = @OrderId
            GROUP BY o.Id, o.CustomerEmail, o.Status, o.CreatedAt
            """;

        var order = await _connection.QueryFirstOrDefaultAsync<OrderDetailsDto>(
            new CommandDefinition(sql, new { request.OrderId }, cancellationToken: cancellationToken));

        return order is null
            ? Result.NotFound($"Order {request.OrderId} not found")
            : Result.Success(order);
    }
}