เจาะลึก Serializer ใน Django REST Framework: Validation, Nested และการแก้ปัญหา N+1

# serializers.py
from rest_framework import serializers
from django.utils import timezone
from .models import Event

class EventSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    start_date = serializers.DateTimeField()
    end_date = serializers.DateTimeField()
    
    class Meta:
        model = Event
        fields = ['id', 'title', 'start_date', 'end_date', 'location']
    
    def validate_start_date(self, value):
        # Validation ระดับ field ทำงานก่อน
        if value < timezone.now():
            raise serializers.ValidationError("วันที่เริ่มต้นต้องไม่อยู่ในอดีต")
        return value
    
    def validate(self, attrs):
        # Validation ระดับ object ทำงานหลังจากทุก field ถูก validate แล้ว
        start = attrs.get('start_date')
        end = attrs.get('end_date')
        
        if start and end and end <= start:
            raise serializers.ValidationError({
                'end_date': "วันที่สิ้นสุดต้องอยู่หลังวันที่เริ่มต้น"
            })
        return attrs

# validators.py
from rest_framework import serializers
import re

class SlugFormatValidator:
    """Validate รูปแบบ slug ที่ปลอดภัยสำหรับ URL"""
    
    def __init__(self, allow_unicode=False):
        self.allow_unicode = allow_unicode
        self.pattern = r'^[\w-]+$' if allow_unicode else r'^[a-z0-9-]+$'
    
    def __call__(self, value):
        if not re.match(self.pattern, value):
            raise serializers.ValidationError(
                "Slug ต้องมีเฉพาะตัวอักษรพิมพ์เล็ก ตัวเลข และเครื่องหมายขีดกลาง"
            )

class UniqueForUserValidator:
    """Validate ว่าค่าเป็นค่าเฉพาะสำหรับ user ปัจจุบัน"""
    
    requires_context = True
    
    def __init__(self, queryset, field_name):
        self.queryset = queryset
        self.field_name = field_name
    
    def __call__(self, value, serializer_field):
        request = serializer_field.context.get('request')
        if not request or not request.user.is_authenticated:
            return
        
        filter_kwargs = {
            self.field_name: value,
            'user': request.user
        }
        
        # ยกเว้น instance ปัจจุบันเมื่อ update
        instance = serializer_field.parent.instance
        exists_query = self.queryset.filter(**filter_kwargs)
        if instance:
            exists_query = exists_query.exclude(pk=instance.pk)
        
        if exists_query.exists():
            raise serializers.ValidationError(
                f"คุณมี item ที่มี {self.field_name} นี้อยู่แล้ว"
            )

# serializers.py
from .validators import SlugFormatValidator, UniqueForUserValidator
from .models import Article

class ArticleSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    slug = serializers.CharField(
        max_length=100,
        validators=[
            SlugFormatValidator(allow_unicode=False),
            UniqueForUserValidator(
                queryset=Article.objects.all(),
                field_name='slug'
            )
        ]
    )
    
    class Meta:
        model = Article
        fields = ['id', 'title', 'slug', 'content', 'published']

# models.py
from django.db import models

class Author(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    email = models.EmailField(unique=True)

class Tag(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique=True)
    slug = models.SlugField(unique=True)

class Book(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=300)
    isbn = models.CharField(max_length=13, unique=True)
    author = models.ForeignKey(Author, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='books')
    tags = models.ManyToManyField(Tag, related_name='books')
    published_date = models.DateField()

class Chapter(models.Model):
    book = models.ForeignKey(Book, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='chapters')
    title = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    order = models.PositiveIntegerField()
    content = models.TextField()

# serializers.py
from rest_framework import serializers
from django.db import transaction
from .models import Author, Tag, Book, Chapter

class ChapterSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = Chapter
        fields = ['id', 'title', 'order', 'content']

class TagSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = Tag
        fields = ['id', 'name', 'slug']

class AuthorSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = Author
        fields = ['id', 'name', 'email']

class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    author = AuthorSerializer(read_only=True)
    author_id = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(
        queryset=Author.objects.all(),
        source='author',
        write_only=True
    )
    tags = TagSerializer(many=True, read_only=True)
    tag_ids = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(
        queryset=Tag.objects.all(),
        source='tags',
        many=True,
        write_only=True
    )
    chapters = ChapterSerializer(many=True)
    
    class Meta:
        model = Book
        fields = [
            'id', 'title', 'isbn', 'author', 'author_id',
            'tags', 'tag_ids', 'chapters', 'published_date'
        ]
    
    @transaction.atomic
    def create(self, validated_data):
        chapters_data = validated_data.pop('chapters', [])
        tags = validated_data.pop('tags', [])
        
        book = Book.objects.create(**validated_data)
        book.tags.set(tags)
        
        for chapter_data in chapters_data:
            Chapter.objects.create(book=book, **chapter_data)
        
        return book
    
    @transaction.atomic
    def update(self, instance, validated_data):
        chapters_data = validated_data.pop('chapters', None)
        tags = validated_data.pop('tags', None)
        
        # Update field ธรรมดา
        for attr, value in validated_data.items():
            setattr(instance, attr, value)
        instance.save()
        
        # Update ความสัมพันธ์ many-to-many ถ้ามีการระบุ
        if tags is not None:
            instance.tags.set(tags)
        
        # จัดการ update nested chapters
        if chapters_data is not None:
            # กลยุทธ์: ลบที่มีอยู่และสร้างใหม่
            instance.chapters.all().delete()
            for chapter_data in chapters_data:
                Chapter.objects.create(book=instance, **chapter_data)
        
        return instance

# views.py
from rest_framework import viewsets
from django.db.models import Prefetch
from .models import Book, Chapter
from .serializers import BookSerializer

class BookViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
    serializer_class = BookSerializer
    
    def get_queryset(self):
        return Book.objects.select_related(
            'author'
        ).prefetch_related(
            'tags',
            Prefetch(
                'chapters',
                queryset=Chapter.objects.order_by('order')
            )
        )

# serializers.py
class BookListSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    author_name = serializers.CharField(source='author.name', read_only=True)
    chapter_count = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True)
    tag_names = serializers.SerializerMethodField()
    
    class Meta:
        model = Book
        fields = ['id', 'title', 'author_name', 'chapter_count', 'tag_names']
    
    def get_tag_names(self, obj):
        # ปลอดภัยถ้า tags ถูก prefetch แล้ว
        return [tag.name for tag in obj.tags.all()]

# views.py
from django.db.models import Count

class BookListViewSet(viewsets.ReadOnlyModelViewSet):
    serializer_class = BookListSerializer
    
    def get_queryset(self):
        return Book.objects.select_related(
            'author'
        ).prefetch_related(
            'tags'
        ).annotate(
            chapter_count=Count('chapters')
        )

# views.py
from django.db.models import Prefetch
from .models import Book, Chapter, Review

class BookDetailViewSet(viewsets.ReadOnlyModelViewSet):
    serializer_class = BookDetailSerializer
    
    def get_queryset(self):
        return Book.objects.select_related(
            'author'
        ).prefetch_related(
            'tags',
            Prefetch(
                'chapters',
                queryset=Chapter.objects.order_by('order').only(
                    'id', 'title', 'order', 'book_id'
                )
            ),
            Prefetch(
                'reviews',
                queryset=Review.objects.filter(
                    is_approved=True
                ).select_related('user').order_by('-created_at')[:5],
                to_attr='recent_reviews'
            )
        )

# serializers.py
class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    chapters = ChapterSerializer(many=True, read_only=True)
    
    class Meta:
        model = Book
        fields = ['id', 'title', 'isbn', 'author', 'chapters', 'published_date']
    
    def to_representation(self, instance):
        data = super().to_representation(instance)
        request = self.context.get('request')
        
        # ลบ field ที่ sensitive สำหรับ user ที่ไม่ใช่ staff
        if request and not request.user.is_staff:
            data.pop('isbn', None)
        
        # เพิ่ม field แบบมีเงื่อนไข
        if instance.published_date:
            from django.utils import timezone
            data['is_new_release'] = (
                timezone.now().date() - instance.published_date
            ).days < 30
        
        # ปรับโครงสร้าง output nested
        if 'chapters' in data:
            data['chapter_count'] = len(data['chapters'])
            data['chapters'] = data['chapters'][:3]  # แค่ 3 ตัวแรกใน response
        
        return data

# utils.py
import logging
from django.db import connection, reset_queries
from django.conf import settings
from functools import wraps

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

def log_queries(func):
    @wraps(func)
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        if not settings.DEBUG:
            return func(*args, **kwargs)
        
        reset_queries()
        result = func(*args, **kwargs)
        
        queries = connection.queries
        logger.debug(
            f"{func.__name__} executed {len(queries)} queries"
        )
        for query in queries:
            logger.debug(f"  [{query['time']}s] {query['sql'][:100]}")
        
        return result
    return wrapper

# views.py
class BookViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
    @log_queries
    def list(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return super().list(request, *args, **kwargs)