Angular Signals และ Computed ในปี 2026: Fine-Grained Reactivity และคำถามสัมภาษณ์

import { Component, signal, computed } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-counter',
  standalone: true,
  template: `
    <p>Count: {{ count() }}</p>
    <p>Double: {{ doubleCount() }}</p>
    <button (click)="increment()">+1</button>
  `
})
export class CounterComponent {
  // Writable signal พร้อมค่าเริ่มต้น
  count = signal(0);
  
  // Computed signal ถูกสร้างจาก count
  // คำนวณใหม่เฉพาะเมื่อ count เปลี่ยน
  doubleCount = computed(() => this.count() * 2);
  
  increment(): void {
    // .update() รับค่าปัจจุบันเป็น argument
    this.count.update(c => c + 1);
  }
}

import { Component, signal, computed } from '@angular/core';

interface User {
  id: number;
  name: string;
  purchases: number[];
}

@Component({
  selector: 'app-user-stats',
  standalone: true,
  template: `
    <div>
      <p>User: {{ user().name }}</p>
      <p>Total spent: {{ totalSpent() | currency }}</p>
      <p>Average purchase: {{ averagePurchase() | currency }}</p>
    </div>
  `
})
export class UserStatsComponent {
  user = signal<User>({
    id: 1,
    name: 'Alice',
    purchases: [99.99, 149.50, 29.99]
  });
  
  // Computed ติดตามเฉพาะ properties ที่ถูกอ่าน
  totalSpent = computed(() => {
    const purchases = this.user().purchases;
    return purchases.reduce((sum, p) => sum + p, 0);
  });
  
  // ขึ้นอยู่กับ computed signal อื่น
  averagePurchase = computed(() => {
    const total = this.totalSpent();
    const count = this.user().purchases.length;
    return count > 0 ? total / count : 0;
  });
}

import { Component, signal, effect, inject } from '@angular/core';
import { DOCUMENT } from '@angular/common';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-theme-sync',
  standalone: true,
  template: `
    <button (click)="toggleTheme()">Toggle Theme</button>
  `
})
export class ThemeSyncComponent {
  private document = inject(DOCUMENT);
  
  isDarkMode = signal(false);
  
  constructor() {
    // Effect ซิงค์ state ของ signal กับ attribute ของ DOM
    effect(() => {
      const theme = this.isDarkMode() ? 'dark' : 'light';
      this.document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme', theme);
    });
    
    // Effect สำหรับ persistence ใน localStorage
    effect(() => {
      localStorage.setItem('theme', this.isDarkMode() ? 'dark' : 'light');
    });
  }
  
  toggleTheme(): void {
    this.isDarkMode.update(dark => !dark);
  }
}

import { Component, signal, linkedSignal, computed } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-pagination',
  standalone: true,
  template: `
    <select (change)="pageSize.set(+$any($event.target).value)">
      <option [value]="10">10 per page</option>
      <option [value]="25">25 per page</option>
      <option [value]="50">50 per page</option>
    </select>
    <p>Page {{ currentPage() }} of {{ totalPages() }}</p>
    <button (click)="prevPage()" [disabled]="currentPage() === 1">Prev</button>
    <button (click)="nextPage()" [disabled]="currentPage() === totalPages()">Next</button>
  `
})
export class PaginationComponent {
  totalItems = signal(243);
  pageSize = signal(10);
  
  totalPages = computed(() => 
    Math.ceil(this.totalItems() / this.pageSize())
  );
  
  // linkedSignal รีเซ็ตเป็น 1 เมื่อ pageSize หรือ totalItems เปลี่ยน
  // แต่อนุญาตให้นำทางด้วยตนเองผ่าน prevPage/nextPage
  currentPage = linkedSignal(() => 1);
  
  prevPage(): void {
    this.currentPage.update(p => Math.max(1, p - 1));
  }
  
  nextPage(): void {
    this.currentPage.update(p => Math.min(this.totalPages(), p + 1));
  }
}

import { 
  Component, 
  input, 
  model, 
  output, 
  computed,
  viewChild,
  ElementRef
} from '@angular/core';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-user-card',
  standalone: true,
  template: `
    <div #card class="card" [class.selected]="selected()">
      <h3>{{ fullName() }}</h3>
      <button (click)="toggle()">{{ selected() ? 'Deselect' : 'Select' }}</button>
    </div>
  `
})
export class UserCardComponent {
  // Signal input แทนที่ @Input()
  firstName = input.required<string>();
  lastName = input<string>('');
  
  // model() สร้าง signal ที่สามารถ bind สองทาง
  // Parent ใช้ [(selected)]="parentSignal"
  selected = model(false);
  
  // Output emitter สำหรับ events
  cardClicked = output<void>();
  
  // viewChild คืน Signal<ElementRef | undefined>
  cardElement = viewChild<ElementRef>('card');
  
  // Computed สร้างจาก signal inputs
  fullName = computed(() => 
    `${this.firstName()} ${this.lastName()}`.trim()
  );
  
  toggle(): void {
    this.selected.update(s => !s);
    this.cardClicked.emit();
  }
}

import { Component, signal, inject } from '@angular/core';
import { toSignal, toObservable } from '@angular/core/rxjs-interop';
import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';
import { debounceTime, switchMap, distinctUntilChanged } from 'rxjs';

interface SearchResult {
  id: number;
  title: string;
}

@Component({
  selector: 'app-search',
  standalone: true,
  template: `
    <input 
      [value]="query()" 
      (input)="query.set($any($event.target).value)"
      placeholder="Search..."
    />
    @if (results(); as items) {
      <ul>
        @for (item of items; track item.id) {
          <li>{{ item.title }}</li>
        }
      </ul>
    }
  `
})
export class SearchComponent {
  private http = inject(HttpClient);
  
  query = signal('');
  
  // แปลง signal เป็น observable สำหรับ operators ของ RxJS
  private query$ = toObservable(this.query);
  
  // RxJS pipeline พร้อม debounce แล้วกลับเป็น signal
  results = toSignal(
    this.query$.pipe(
      debounceTime(300),
      distinctUntilChanged(),
      switchMap(q => q.length > 2 
        ? this.http.get<SearchResult[]>(`/api/search?q=${q}`)
        : []
      )
    ),
    { initialValue: [] as SearchResult[] }
  );
}

// ตัวอย่างการติดตาม dependency แบบไดนามิก
const showDetails = signal(false);
const userDetails = signal({ name: 'Alice', email: 'alice@example.com' });

effect(() => {
  if (showDetails()) {
    // userDetails ถูกติดตามเฉพาะเมื่อ showDetails เป็น true
    console.log('Details:', userDetails().email);
  }
});

const user = signal(
  { id: 1, name: 'Alice' },
  { equal: (a, b) => a.id === b.id }
);

import { Component, signal, ChangeDetectionStrategy } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-zoneless-counter',
  standalone: true,
  changeDetection: ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush,
  template: `
    <p>Count: {{ count() }}</p>
    <button (click)="increment()">+1</button>
  `
})
export class ZonelessCounterComponent {
  count = signal(0);
  
  increment(): void {
    // การอัปเดต signal trigger change detection
    // ไม่ต้องการ Zone.js
    this.count.update(c => c + 1);
  }
}

import { Component, signal, computed } from '@angular/core';
import { rxResource } from '@angular/core/rxjs-interop';
import { inject } from '@angular/core';
import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';

interface User {
  id: number;
  name: string;
  email: string;
}

@Component({
  selector: 'app-user-profile',
  standalone: true,
  template: `
    @if (userResource.isLoading()) {
      <p>Loading...</p>
    }
    @if (userResource.error()) {
      <p>Error: {{ userResource.error() }}</p>
    }
    @if (userResource.value(); as user) {
      <h2>{{ user.name }}</h2>
      <p>{{ user.email }}</p>
    }
  `
})
export class UserProfileComponent {
  private http = inject(HttpClient);
  
  userId = signal(1);
  
  // Resource async แบบ declarative
  // Refetch เมื่อ userId เปลี่ยน
  userResource = rxResource({
    request: () => this.userId(),
    loader: ({ request: id }) => 
      this.http.get<User>(`/api/users/${id}`)
  });
  
  loadUser(id: number): void {
    this.userId.set(id);
  }
}

import { Injectable, signal, computed } from '@angular/core';

interface CartItem {
  id: number;
  name: string;
  price: number;
  quantity: number;
}

@Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })
export class CartService {
  private items = signal<CartItem[]>([]);
  
  // Expose read-only signal ให้ consumers
  readonly cartItems = this.items.asReadonly();
  
  readonly totalPrice = computed(() =>
    this.items().reduce((sum, item) => sum + item.price * item.quantity, 0)
  );
  
  readonly itemCount = computed(() =>
    this.items().reduce((sum, item) => sum + item.quantity, 0)
  );
  
  addItem(item: Omit<CartItem, 'quantity'>): void {
    this.items.update(items => {
      const existing = items.find(i => i.id === item.id);
      if (existing) {
        return items.map(i => 
          i.id === item.id ? { ...i, quantity: i.quantity + 1 } : i
        );
      }
      return [...items, { ...item, quantity: 1 }];
    });
  }
}

// ก่อน: ใช้ RxJS
@Component({ ... })
export class LegacyComponent {
  private userSubject = new BehaviorSubject<User | null>(null);
  user$ = this.userSubject.asObservable();
  
  userName$ = this.user$.pipe(
    map(u => u?.name ?? 'Guest')
  );
}

// หลัง: ใช้ Signal
@Component({ ... })
export class ModernComponent {
  user = signal<User | null>(null);
  
  userName = computed(() => this.user()?.name ?? 'Guest');
}

// แนวทางแบบ hybrid
private search$ = toObservable(this.searchQuery).pipe(
  debounceTime(300),
  switchMap(q => this.api.search(q))
);

results = toSignal(this.search$, { initialValue: [] });