Rust Async/Await 완벽 가이드: Tokio, Futures, 비동기 동시성 심층 분석

// core::future::Future
trait Future {
    type Output;
    fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output>;
}

# Cargo.toml
[dependencies]
tokio = { version = "2", features = ["rt-multi-thread", "macros", "net", "time"] }

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
    let result = fetch_data().await;
    println!("Got: {result}");
}

async fn fetch_data() -> String {
    // Simulate async I/O
    tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
    String::from("data loaded")
}

use tokio::task::JoinHandle;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
    // Spawn two independent tasks
    let handle_a: JoinHandle<u32> = tokio::spawn(async {
        expensive_computation("dataset_a").await
    });

    let handle_b: JoinHandle<u32> = tokio::spawn(async {
        expensive_computation("dataset_b").await
    });

    // Await both results
    let (result_a, result_b) = (
        handle_a.await.expect("task A panicked"),
        handle_b.await.expect("task B panicked"),
    );

    println!("Results: {result_a}, {result_b}");
}

async fn expensive_computation(name: &str) -> u32 {
    tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
    println!("{name} done");
    42
}

use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
    // All three run concurrently, total time ~200ms (not 600ms)
    let (users, orders, inventory) = tokio::join!(
        fetch_users(),
        fetch_orders(),
        fetch_inventory()
    );

    println!("Users: {}, Orders: {}, Stock: {}", users.len(), orders.len(), inventory);
}

async fn fetch_users() -> Vec<String> {
    sleep(Duration::from_millis(200)).await;
    vec!["Alice".into(), "Bob".into()]
}

async fn fetch_orders() -> Vec<String> {
    sleep(Duration::from_millis(150)).await;
    vec!["ORD-001".into()]
}

async fn fetch_inventory() -> u32 {
    sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
    84
}

use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
    tokio::select! {
        val = fetch_from_cache() => {
            println!("Cache hit: {val}");
        }
        val = fetch_from_database() => {
            println!("DB result: {val}");
        }
    }
}

async fn fetch_from_cache() -> String {
    sleep(Duration::from_millis(5)).await;
    "cached_value".into()
}

async fn fetch_from_database() -> String {
    sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;
    "db_value".into()
}

use std::io;

#[derive(Debug)]
enum AppError {
    Network(reqwest::Error),
    Parse(serde_json::Error),
    Io(io::Error),
}

async fn load_config(url: &str) -> Result<Config, AppError> {
    let response = reqwest::get(url)
        .await
        .map_err(AppError::Network)?;

    let text = response.text()
        .await
        .map_err(AppError::Network)?;

    let config: Config = serde_json::from_str(&text)
        .map_err(AppError::Parse)?;

    Ok(config)
}

#[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
struct Config {
    db_url: String,
    port: u16,
}

use tokio::sync::mpsc;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
    // Bounded channel with capacity 32
    let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::channel::<String>(32);

    // Producer task
    let producer = tokio::spawn(async move {
        for i in 0..5 {
            tx.send(format!("message-{i}")).await.unwrap();
            tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
        }
        // tx dropped here, closing the channel
    });

    // Consumer reads until channel closes
    while let Some(msg) = rx.recv().await {
        println!("Received: {msg}");
    }

    producer.await.unwrap();
}

use std::sync::Arc;
use tokio::sync::Semaphore;

async fn fetch_all(urls: Vec<String>, max_concurrent: usize) -> Vec<Result<String, String>> {
    let semaphore = Arc::new(Semaphore::new(max_concurrent));
    let mut handles = Vec::new();

    for url in urls {
        let sem = Arc::clone(&semaphore);
        let handle = tokio::spawn(async move {
            // Acquire permit before making request
            let _permit = sem.acquire().await.unwrap();
            reqwest::get(&url)
                .await
                .map(|r| r.status().to_string())
                .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
            // permit dropped here, allowing next task to proceed
        });
        handles.push(handle);
    }

    let mut results = Vec::new();
    for handle in handles {
        results.push(handle.await.unwrap());
    }
    results
}

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
    let hash = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(|| {
        // CPU-intensive work runs on a blocking thread
        compute_hash(b"large dataset")
    })
    .await
    .unwrap();

    println!("Hash: {hash}");
}

fn compute_hash(data: &[u8]) -> String {
    use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;
    use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
    let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
    data.hash(&mut hasher);
    format!("{:x}", hasher.finish())
}