Rust 소유권과 빌림: 메모리 안전성의 핵심 원리 완벽 해설

fn main() {
    let original = String::from("interview prep");
    let moved = original; // ownership transfers here

    // println!("{}", original); // compile error: value moved
    println!("{}", moved); // works fine
}

fn main() {
    let x: i32 = 42;
    let y = x; // copy, not move -- i32 is Copy
    println!("x = {}, y = {}", x, y); // both valid

    let s1 = String::from("hello");
    let s2 = s1.clone(); // explicit deep copy
    println!("s1 = {}, s2 = {}", s1, s2); // both valid after clone
}

fn calculate_length(s: &String) -> usize {
    s.len() // read access through the reference
} // s goes out of scope, but doesn't drop the String (not the owner)

fn main() {
    let greeting = String::from("hello, Rust");
    let len = calculate_length(&greeting); // borrow, don't move
    println!("'{}' has {} characters", greeting, len); // greeting still valid
}

fn append_greeting(s: &mut String) {
    s.push_str(", welcome to Rust!"); // modify through mutable ref
}

fn main() {
    let mut message = String::from("Hello");
    append_greeting(&mut message);
    println!("{}", message); // "Hello, welcome to Rust!"
}

fn main() {
    let mut data = String::from("shared state");

    let r1 = &mut data;
    // let r2 = &mut data; // compile error: second mutable borrow
    println!("{}", r1);

    // After r1's last usage, a new mutable borrow is allowed
    let r3 = &mut data; // this works -- non-lexical lifetimes
    r3.push_str(" updated");
    println!("{}", r3);
}

fn longest<'a>(x: &'a str, y: &'a str) -> &'a str {
    if x.len() > y.len() {
        x
    } else {
        y
    }
}

fn main() {
    let result;
    let string1 = String::from("Rust ownership");
    {
        let string2 = String::from("borrowing");
        result = longest(string1.as_str(), string2.as_str());
        println!("Longest: {}", result);
    }
}

struct Excerpt<'a> {
    text: &'a str,
}

impl<'a> Excerpt<'a> {
    fn summary(&self) -> &str {
        let end = self.text.len().min(20);
        &self.text[..end]
    }
}

fn main() {
    let article = String::from("Rust ownership model eliminates memory bugs");
    let excerpt = Excerpt {
        text: article.as_str(),
    };
    println!("Summary: {}", excerpt.summary());
}

fn process_and_return(mut input: String) -> String {
    input.push_str(" -- processed");
    input
}

fn contains_keyword(text: &str, keyword: &str) -> bool {
    text.to_lowercase().contains(&keyword.to_lowercase())
}

fn sanitize(input: &mut String) {
    *input = input.trim().to_string();
}

fn main() {
    let raw = String::from("user input");
    let processed = process_and_return(raw);

    let found = contains_keyword(&processed, "input");
    println!("Contains 'input': {}", found);

    let mut padded = String::from("  spaces everywhere  ");
    sanitize(&mut padded);
    println!("Sanitized: '{}'", padded);
}

fn main() {
    let mut scores = vec![90, 85, 78];
    let first = scores[0];
    scores.push(95);
    println!("First: {}, All: {:?}", first, scores);

    let name = String::from("Alice");
    let greeting = format!("Hello, {}", name);
    println!("{} says {}", name, greeting);

    let outer;
    {
        let inner = String::from("temporary");
        outer = inner;
    }
    println!("{}", outer);
}