Next.js 16 Middleware 완벽 가이드 2026: Edge Runtime, 인증 패턴, 면접 질문

import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server'

export function middleware(request: NextRequest) {
  // Access request headers, cookies, and URL
  const token = request.cookies.get('session')?.value
  const pathname = request.nextUrl.pathname

  // Log for debugging (visible in Vercel logs)
  console.log(`Middleware: ${request.method} ${pathname}`)

  // Continue to the route handler
  return NextResponse.next()
}

// Configure which paths trigger middleware
export const config = {
  matcher: ['/((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|favicon.ico).*)'],
}

import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server'

const protectedPaths = ['/dashboard', '/settings', '/profile']
const authPaths = ['/login', '/signup']

export async function middleware(request: NextRequest) {
  const { pathname } = request.nextUrl
  const sessionToken = request.cookies.get('session')?.value

  // Check if path requires authentication
  const isProtectedPath = protectedPaths.some(path => 
    pathname.startsWith(path)
  )
  const isAuthPath = authPaths.some(path => 
    pathname.startsWith(path)
  )

  // Validate session token (call auth service)
  const isValidSession = sessionToken 
    ? await validateSession(sessionToken)
    : false

  // Redirect unauthenticated users to login
  if (isProtectedPath && !isValidSession) {
    const loginUrl = new URL('/login', request.url)
    loginUrl.searchParams.set('callbackUrl', pathname)
    return NextResponse.redirect(loginUrl)
  }

  // Redirect authenticated users away from auth pages
  if (isAuthPath && isValidSession) {
    return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/dashboard', request.url))
  }

  return NextResponse.next()
}

async function validateSession(token: string): Promise<boolean> {
  // Call auth API endpoint or decode JWT
  // Edge-compatible: use fetch, not Node.js crypto
  try {
    const response = await fetch('https://api.example.com/validate', {
      headers: { Authorization: `Bearer ${token}` },
    })
    return response.ok
  } catch {
    return false
  }
}

// Option 1: Simple string paths
export const config = {
  matcher: ['/dashboard/:path*', '/api/:path*'],
}

// Option 2: Exclude static assets with negative lookahead
export const config = {
  matcher: ['/((?!_next/static|_next/image|favicon.ico|public/).*)'],
}

// Option 3: Conditional matching with has/missing
export const config = {
  matcher: [
    {
      source: '/api/:path*',
      has: [{ type: 'header', key: 'Authorization' }],
    },
    {
      source: '/dashboard/:path*',
      missing: [{ type: 'cookie', key: 'session' }],
    },
  ],
}

import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server'

export function middleware(request: NextRequest) {
  const response = NextResponse.next()

  // Add security headers to all responses
  response.headers.set('X-Frame-Options', 'DENY')
  response.headers.set('X-Content-Type-Options', 'nosniff')
  response.headers.set(
    'Referrer-Policy', 
    'strict-origin-when-cross-origin'
  )

  // Inject geolocation into request headers for route handlers
  const geo = request.geo
  if (geo?.country) {
    response.headers.set('x-user-country', geo.country)
    response.headers.set('x-user-city', geo.city ?? 'unknown')
  }

  return response
}

import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server'

export function middleware(request: NextRequest) {
  const { pathname } = request.nextUrl

  // Check for existing variant assignment
  let variant = request.cookies.get('ab-variant')?.value

  // Assign variant if not set (50/50 split)
  if (!variant && pathname === '/pricing') {
    variant = Math.random() < 0.5 ? 'control' : 'treatment'
    const response = NextResponse.rewrite(
      new URL(`/pricing/${variant}`, request.url)
    )
    response.cookies.set('ab-variant', variant, {
      maxAge: 60 * 60 * 24 * 30, // 30 days
      httpOnly: true,
    })
    return response
  }

  // Rewrite to assigned variant
  if (variant && pathname === '/pricing') {
    return NextResponse.rewrite(
      new URL(`/pricing/${variant}`, request.url)
    )
  }

  return NextResponse.next()
}

import { jwtVerify } from 'jose' // Edge-compatible JWT library
import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server'

const JWT_SECRET = new TextEncoder().encode(process.env.JWT_SECRET!)

export async function middleware(request: NextRequest) {
  const token = request.cookies.get('token')?.value

  if (!token) {
    return redirectToLogin(request)
  }

  try {
    // jose library works in Edge Runtime
    const { payload } = await jwtVerify(token, JWT_SECRET)
    
    // Token is valid, check expiration
    if (payload.exp && payload.exp < Date.now() / 1000) {
      return redirectToLogin(request)
    }

    return NextResponse.next()
  } catch {
    // Invalid token signature or format
    return redirectToLogin(request)
  }
}

function redirectToLogin(request: NextRequest) {
  const url = new URL('/login', request.url)
  url.searchParams.set('callbackUrl', request.nextUrl.pathname)
  return NextResponse.redirect(url)
}

import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server'

export function middleware(request: NextRequest) {
  const start = Date.now()
  const requestId = crypto.randomUUID()

  // Log request start
  console.log(JSON.stringify({
    type: 'middleware_request',
    requestId,
    method: request.method,
    path: request.nextUrl.pathname,
    userAgent: request.headers.get('user-agent')?.slice(0, 100),
    country: request.geo?.country,
  }))

  // Process request
  const response = processRequest(request)

  // Log completion
  console.log(JSON.stringify({
    type: 'middleware_response',
    requestId,
    duration: Date.now() - start,
    status: response.status,
  }))

  // Pass request ID to route handlers
  response.headers.set('x-request-id', requestId)
  return response
}

function processRequest(request: NextRequest): NextResponse {
  // Middleware logic here
  return NextResponse.next()
}