SignalR trong ASP.NET Core 2026: Hướng Dẫn Toàn Diện về Real-Time, Hubs và Câu Hỏi Phỏng Vấn

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR;

public class ChatHub : Hub
{
    // Called when a client sends a message
    public async Task SendMessage(string user, string message)
    {
        // Broadcast to ALL connected clients
        await Clients.All.SendAsync("ReceiveMessage", user, message);
    }

    // Called automatically when a client connects
    public override async Task OnConnectedAsync()
    {
        await Clients.Caller.SendAsync("Connected", Context.ConnectionId);
        await base.OnConnectedAsync();
    }

    // Called automatically when a client disconnects
    public override async Task OnDisconnectedAsync(Exception? exception)
    {
        // Clean up resources, notify other users, etc.
        await base.OnDisconnectedAsync(exception);
    }
}

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

// Add SignalR services with configuration
builder.Services.AddSignalR(options =>
{
    options.EnableDetailedErrors = builder.Environment.IsDevelopment();
    options.MaximumReceiveMessageSize = 64 * 1024; // 64 KB
    options.StreamBufferCapacity = 10;
    options.KeepAliveInterval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(15);
    options.ClientTimeoutInterval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30);
})
.AddJsonProtocol(options =>
{
    options.PayloadSerializerOptions.PropertyNamingPolicy = null; // PascalCase
});

var app = builder.Build();

// Map the hub endpoint
app.MapHub<ChatHub>("/chathub");

app.Run();

public class GroupChatHub : Hub
{
    // Add the current connection to a group
    public async Task JoinRoom(string roomName)
    {
        await Groups.AddToGroupAsync(Context.ConnectionId, roomName);
        
        // Notify the group that someone joined
        await Clients.Group(roomName).SendAsync(
            "UserJoined", 
            Context.User?.Identity?.Name ?? "Anonymous"
        );
    }

    // Remove the current connection from a group
    public async Task LeaveRoom(string roomName)
    {
        await Groups.RemoveFromGroupAsync(Context.ConnectionId, roomName);
        
        await Clients.Group(roomName).SendAsync(
            "UserLeft",
            Context.User?.Identity?.Name ?? "Anonymous"
        );
    }

    // Send a message to a specific group only
    public async Task SendToRoom(string roomName, string message)
    {
        await Clients.Group(roomName).SendAsync(
            "ReceiveMessage",
            Context.User?.Identity?.Name,
            message
        );
    }
}

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR;

[Authorize] // Require authentication for the entire hub
public class SecureHub : Hub
{
    // Access user claims through Context.User
    public async Task SendPrivateMessage(string recipientUserId, string message)
    {
        var senderName = Context.User?.Identity?.Name 
            ?? throw new HubException("User not authenticated");
        
        // Send to a specific user (all their connections)
        await Clients.User(recipientUserId).SendAsync(
            "PrivateMessage",
            senderName,
            message
        );
    }

    [Authorize(Roles = "Admin")] // Role-based authorization on method
    public async Task BroadcastAnnouncement(string announcement)
    {
        await Clients.All.SendAsync("Announcement", announcement);
    }
}

import * as signalR from "@microsoft/signalr";

const connection = new signalR.HubConnectionBuilder()
    .withUrl("/securehub", {
        accessTokenFactory: () => localStorage.getItem("authToken") || ""
    })
    .withAutomaticReconnect()
    .build();

await connection.start();

builder.Services.AddAuthentication(JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme)
    .AddJwtBearer(options =>
    {
        options.Events = new JwtBearerEvents
        {
            OnMessageReceived = context =>
            {
                // Read token from query string for SignalR
                var accessToken = context.Request.Query["access_token"];
                var path = context.HttpContext.Request.Path;
                
                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(accessToken) && 
                    path.StartsWithSegments("/securehub"))
                {
                    context.Token = accessToken;
                }
                return Task.CompletedTask;
            }
        };
    });

builder.Services.AddSignalR()
    .AddStackExchangeRedis(options =>
    {
        options.Configuration = builder.Configuration
            .GetConnectionString("Redis");
        
        // Optional: configure Redis-specific options
        options.Configuration.ChannelPrefix = 
            RedisChannel.Literal("MyApp_SignalR_");
    });

public interface INotificationClient
{
    Task ReceiveNotification(string title, string message, string severity);
    Task UpdateProgress(int percentage);
    Task TaskCompleted(Guid taskId, bool success);
}

// NotificationHub.cs
public class NotificationHub : Hub<INotificationClient>
{
    public async Task NotifyAll(string title, string message)
    {
        // Compile-time checking - no magic strings
        await Clients.All.ReceiveNotification(title, message, "info");
    }

    public async Task ReportProgress(string groupName, int percentage)
    {
        // IDE autocomplete works here
        await Clients.Group(groupName).UpdateProgress(percentage);
    }
}

public class StreamingHub : Hub
{
    // Server-to-client streaming with IAsyncEnumerable
    public async IAsyncEnumerable<StockPrice> StreamStockPrices(
        string[] symbols,
        [EnumeratorCancellation] CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        var random = new Random();
        
        while (!cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
        {
            foreach (var symbol in symbols)
            {
                yield return new StockPrice
                {
                    Symbol = symbol,
                    Price = random.NextDouble() * 1000,
                    Timestamp = DateTime.UtcNow
                };
            }
            
            await Task.Delay(1000, cancellationToken);
        }
    }

    // Client-to-server streaming
    public async Task UploadStream(IAsyncEnumerable<LogEntry> stream)
    {
        await foreach (var entry in stream)
        {
            // Process each log entry as it arrives
            await ProcessLogEntry(entry);
        }
    }
}

public record StockPrice(string Symbol, double Price, DateTime Timestamp);
public record LogEntry(string Level, string Message, DateTime Timestamp);

const stream = connection.stream("StreamStockPrices", ["AAPL", "MSFT"]);

stream.subscribe({
    next: (price) => console.log(`${price.symbol}: $${price.price}`),
    error: (err) => console.error(err),
    complete: () => console.log("Stream completed")
});

// MessagePack configuration for smaller payloads
builder.Services.AddSignalR()
    .AddMessagePackProtocol(options =>
    {
        options.SerializerOptions = 
            MessagePackSerializerOptions.Standard
                .WithCompression(MessagePackCompression.Lz4Block);
    });