MVVM vs MVI: Kiến Trúc Nào Phù Hợp Năm 2026?

// MVVM ViewModel with Kotlin 2.4 explicit backing fields
// The backing field syntax eliminates the _state / state dance
class UserProfileViewModel(
    private val userRepository: UserRepository,
    private val analyticsTracker: AnalyticsTracker
) : ViewModel() {

    // Kotlin 2.4: explicit backing field - no more _uiState / uiState pair
    val uiState: StateFlow<UserProfileState>
        field = MutableStateFlow(UserProfileState())

    // Separate loading state - MVVM allows multiple flows
    val isLoading: StateFlow<Boolean>
        field = MutableStateFlow(false)

    // One-shot error messages via SharedFlow
    private val _errorMessage = MutableSharedFlow<String>()
    val errorMessage: SharedFlow<String> = _errorMessage.asSharedFlow()

    // Initial profile loading
    fun loadProfile(userId: String) {
        viewModelScope.launch {
            isLoading.value = true

            try {
                // Repository call to fetch data
                val user = userRepository.getUser(userId)

                // Update state with new data
                uiState.update { currentState ->
                    currentState.copy(
                        user = user,
                        isEditing = false
                    )
                }

                // Analytics tracking
                analyticsTracker.trackProfileViewed(userId)

            } catch (e: Exception) {
                // Emit one-shot error message
                _errorMessage.emit("Unable to load profile")
            } finally {
                isLoading.value = false
            }
        }
    }

    // Enable edit mode
    fun enableEditMode() {
        uiState.update { it.copy(isEditing = true) }
    }

    // Save profile changes
    fun saveProfile(name: String, bio: String) {
        viewModelScope.launch {
            isLoading.value = true

            try {
                val updatedUser = userRepository.updateUser(
                    uiState.value.user?.id ?: return@launch,
                    name = name,
                    bio = bio
                )

                uiState.update {
                    it.copy(user = updatedUser, isEditing = false)
                }

            } catch (e: Exception) {
                _errorMessage.emit("Failed to save profile")
            } finally {
                isLoading.value = false
            }
        }
    }
}

// Data class representing the screen state
data class UserProfileState(
    val user: User? = null,
    val isEditing: Boolean = false
)

// Example MVVM ViewModel with fragmented state
// This pattern becomes problematic as the screen grows in complexity
class CheckoutViewModel : ViewModel() {

    // Problem: state scattered across multiple flows
    val cart: StateFlow<List<CartItem>>
        field = MutableStateFlow(emptyList())
    
    val selectedAddress: StateFlow<Address?>
        field = MutableStateFlow(null)
    
    val selectedPayment: StateFlow<PaymentMethod?>
        field = MutableStateFlow(null)
    
    val promoCode: StateFlow<String?>
        field = MutableStateFlow(null)
    
    val isLoading: StateFlow<Boolean>
        field = MutableStateFlow(false)
    
    val error: StateFlow<String?>
        field = MutableStateFlow(null)

    // Each modification can create temporary inconsistent states
    fun applyPromoCode(code: String) {
        viewModelScope.launch {
            isLoading.value = true
            error.value = null

            try {
                val discount = promoRepository.validate(code)
                promoCode.value = code
                // Cart state also needs updating...
                // but there's a delay between the two updates
                recalculateCart()
            } catch (e: Exception) {
                error.value = e.message
                promoCode.value = null
            } finally {
                isLoading.value = false
            }
        }
    }

    // Hard to guarantee consistency across all these states
    private fun recalculateCart() {
        // Complex logic depending on multiple states...
    }
}

// MVI ViewModel for the same user profile screen
// Note the structure: Intent -> Reducer -> Single State
class UserProfileMviViewModel(
    private val userRepository: UserRepository,
    private val analyticsTracker: AnalyticsTracker
) : ViewModel() {

    // Single, immutable state - the absolute source of truth
    val state: StateFlow<UserProfileState>
        field = MutableStateFlow(UserProfileState())

    // Channel for side effects (navigation, snackbar)
    private val _sideEffect = Channel<UserProfileSideEffect>()
    val sideEffect: Flow<UserProfileSideEffect> = _sideEffect.receiveAsFlow()

    // Single entry point for all user actions
    fun onIntent(intent: UserProfileIntent) {
        when (intent) {
            is UserProfileIntent.LoadProfile -> loadProfile(intent.userId)
            is UserProfileIntent.EnableEditMode -> enableEditMode()
            is UserProfileIntent.SaveProfile -> saveProfile(intent.name, intent.bio)
            is UserProfileIntent.CancelEdit -> cancelEdit()
        }
    }

    private fun loadProfile(userId: String) {
        viewModelScope.launch {
            // Transition to loading state
            state.update { it.copy(isLoading = true, error = null) }

            try {
                val user = userRepository.getUser(userId)

                // Single atomic state update
                state.update {
                    it.copy(
                        user = user,
                        isLoading = false,
                        error = null
                    )
                }

                analyticsTracker.trackProfileViewed(userId)

            } catch (e: Exception) {
                // Error state is part of the main state
                state.update {
                    it.copy(
                        isLoading = false,
                        error = "Unable to load profile"
                    )
                }
            }
        }
    }

    private fun enableEditMode() {
        // Simple, predictable update
        state.update { it.copy(isEditing = true) }
    }

    private fun saveProfile(name: String, bio: String) {
        viewModelScope.launch {
            val currentUser = state.value.user ?: return@launch

            state.update { it.copy(isLoading = true) }

            try {
                val updatedUser = userRepository.updateUser(
                    currentUser.id,
                    name = name,
                    bio = bio
                )

                state.update {
                    it.copy(
                        user = updatedUser,
                        isEditing = false,
                        isLoading = false
                    )
                }

                // Side effect to notify the user
                _sideEffect.send(UserProfileSideEffect.ShowSuccess("Profile updated"))

            } catch (e: Exception) {
                state.update {
                    it.copy(isLoading = false, error = "Failed to save profile")
                }
            }
        }
    }

    private fun cancelEdit() {
        state.update { it.copy(isEditing = false) }
    }
}

// All possible actions, explicitly typed
sealed class UserProfileIntent {
    data class LoadProfile(val userId: String) : UserProfileIntent()
    data object EnableEditMode : UserProfileIntent()
    data class SaveProfile(val name: String, val bio: String) : UserProfileIntent()
    data object CancelEdit : UserProfileIntent()
}

// Single, complete screen state
data class UserProfileState(
    val user: User? = null,
    val isLoading: Boolean = false,
    val isEditing: Boolean = false,
    val error: String? = null
)

// One-shot side effects
sealed class UserProfileSideEffect {
    data class ShowSuccess(val message: String) : UserProfileSideEffect()
    data class NavigateTo(val destination: String) : UserProfileSideEffect()
}

// Compose screen consuming MVI state
// The connection between ViewModel and UI is elegant and reactive
@Composable
fun UserProfileScreen(
    viewModel: UserProfileMviViewModel = hiltViewModel(),
    onNavigateBack: () -> Unit
) {
    // Collect the single state
    val state by viewModel.state.collectAsStateWithLifecycle()

    // Handle side effects
    LaunchedEffect(Unit) {
        viewModel.sideEffect.collect { effect ->
            when (effect) {
                is UserProfileSideEffect.ShowSuccess -> {
                    // Show snackbar
                }
                is UserProfileSideEffect.NavigateTo -> {
                    // Navigate
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Purely declarative UI based on state
    UserProfileContent(
        state = state,
        onIntent = viewModel::onIntent
    )
}

@Composable
private fun UserProfileContent(
    state: UserProfileState,
    onIntent: (UserProfileIntent) -> Unit
) {
    Column(modifier = Modifier.fillMaxSize().padding(16.dp)) {

        // Conditional rendering based on the single state
        when {
            state.isLoading -> {
                CircularProgressIndicator(
                    modifier = Modifier.align(Alignment.CenterHorizontally)
                )
            }
            state.error != null -> {
                ErrorMessage(
                    message = state.error,
                    onRetry = {
                        state.user?.id?.let {
                            onIntent(UserProfileIntent.LoadProfile(it))
                        }
                    }
                )
            }
            state.user != null -> {
                ProfileCard(
                    user = state.user,
                    isEditing = state.isEditing,
                    onEditClick = { onIntent(UserProfileIntent.EnableEditMode) },
                    onSaveClick = { name, bio ->
                        onIntent(UserProfileIntent.SaveProfile(name, bio))
                    },
                    onCancelClick = { onIntent(UserProfileIntent.CancelEdit) }
                )
            }
        }
    }
}

// MVVM: potentially fragmented state
class MvvmViewModel : ViewModel() {
    // Multiple sources of truth - manual synchronization needed
    val users: StateFlow<List<User>>
        field = MutableStateFlow(emptyList())
    
    val selectedUser: StateFlow<User?>
        field = MutableStateFlow(null)
    
    val isLoading: StateFlow<Boolean>
        field = MutableStateFlow(false)
    
    val searchQuery: StateFlow<String>
        field = MutableStateFlow("")

    // What happens if selectedUser points to a user
    // that's no longer in users after a refresh?
    // -> Inconsistent state that's hard to detect
}

// MVI: consistent state by construction
class MviViewModel : ViewModel() {
    // Single source of truth - inconsistencies are impossible
    val state: StateFlow<UsersState>
        field = MutableStateFlow(UsersState())

    data class UsersState(
        val users: List<User> = emptyList(),
        val selectedUser: User? = null,  // Always consistent with users
        val isLoading: Boolean = false,
        val searchQuery: String = ""
    )

    // Each update automatically maintains invariants
    private fun selectUser(userId: String) {
        state.update { currentState ->
            currentState.copy(
                selectedUser = currentState.users.find { it.id == userId }
            )
        }
    }
}

// MVVM test: requires verifying multiple flows
@Test
fun `loadUsers should update state correctly`() = runTest {
    val viewModel = MvvmViewModel(fakeRepository)

    // Observe multiple flows simultaneously
    val users = mutableListOf<List<User>>()
    val loadingStates = mutableListOf<Boolean>()

    val job1 = launch { viewModel.users.toList(users) }
    val job2 = launch { viewModel.isLoading.toList(loadingStates) }

    viewModel.loadUsers()
    advanceUntilIdle()

    // Assertions on different flows
    assertThat(users.last()).isEqualTo(expectedUsers)
    assertThat(loadingStates).containsExactly(false, true, false)

    job1.cancel()
    job2.cancel()
}

// MVI test: single flow to verify, clear state sequence
@Test
fun `LoadUsers intent should produce correct state sequence`() = runTest {
    val viewModel = MviViewModel(fakeRepository)

    // Collect all states in order
    val states = mutableListOf<UsersState>()
    val job = launch { viewModel.state.toList(states) }

    // Send the intent
    viewModel.onIntent(UsersIntent.LoadUsers)
    advanceUntilIdle()

    // Verify the exact state sequence
    assertThat(states).containsExactly(
        UsersState(),                                    // Initial
        UsersState(isLoading = true),                   // Loading
        UsersState(users = expectedUsers, isLoading = false)  // Success
    )

    job.cancel()
}

// MVVM: quick start, less code
class SimpleViewModel : ViewModel() {
    val name: StateFlow<String>
        field = MutableStateFlow("")

    fun updateName(newName: String) {
        name.value = newName
    }
}
// Total: ~8 lines

// MVI: more structure, more code
class SimpleMviViewModel : ViewModel() {
    val state: StateFlow<SimpleState>
        field = MutableStateFlow(SimpleState())

    fun onIntent(intent: SimpleIntent) {
        when (intent) {
            is SimpleIntent.UpdateName -> {
                state.update { it.copy(name = intent.name) }
            }
        }
    }
}

data class SimpleState(val name: String = "")

sealed class SimpleIntent {
    data class UpdateName(val name: String) : SimpleIntent()
}
// Total: ~18 lines

// For a simple settings screen, MVVM is plenty
class SettingsViewModel(
    private val preferencesRepository: PreferencesRepository
) : ViewModel() {

    val darkMode = preferencesRepository.darkModeFlow
        .stateIn(viewModelScope, SharingStarted.Lazily, false)

    val notificationsEnabled = preferencesRepository.notificationsFlow
        .stateIn(viewModelScope, SharingStarted.Lazily, true)

    fun toggleDarkMode() {
        viewModelScope.launch {
            preferencesRepository.setDarkMode(!darkMode.value)
        }
    }

    fun toggleNotifications() {
        viewModelScope.launch {
            preferencesRepository.setNotifications(!notificationsEnabled.value)
        }
    }
}

// Checkout screen with complex state: MVI excels
data class CheckoutState(
    val cartItems: List<CartItem> = emptyList(),
    val selectedAddress: Address? = null,
    val selectedPayment: PaymentMethod? = null,
    val promoCode: PromoCode? = null,
    val deliveryOptions: List<DeliveryOption> = emptyList(),
    val selectedDelivery: DeliveryOption? = null,
    val subtotal: Money = Money.ZERO,
    val discount: Money = Money.ZERO,
    val deliveryFee: Money = Money.ZERO,
    val total: Money = Money.ZERO,
    val isLoading: Boolean = false,
    val error: CheckoutError? = null,
    val step: CheckoutStep = CheckoutStep.CART
) {
    // Verifiable invariants
    init {
        require(total == subtotal - discount + deliveryFee) {
            "Total inconsistent with components"
        }
    }
}

sealed class CheckoutIntent {
    data class AddItem(val item: CartItem) : CheckoutIntent()
    data class RemoveItem(val itemId: String) : CheckoutIntent()
    data class SelectAddress(val address: Address) : CheckoutIntent()
    data class SelectPayment(val method: PaymentMethod) : CheckoutIntent()
    data class ApplyPromo(val code: String) : CheckoutIntent()
    data object RemovePromo : CheckoutIntent()
    data class SelectDelivery(val option: DeliveryOption) : CheckoutIntent()
    data object ProceedToPayment : CheckoutIntent()
    data object ConfirmOrder : CheckoutIntent()
}

// Base ViewModel with lightweight MVI structure
// Reusable for all screens
abstract class MviViewModel<S, I>(initialState: S) : ViewModel() {

    val state: StateFlow<S>
        field = MutableStateFlow(initialState)

    protected val currentState: S get() = state.value

    // Single entry point for intents
    abstract fun onIntent(intent: I)

    // Helper to update state
    protected fun updateState(reducer: S.() -> S) {
        state.update { it.reducer() }
    }
}

// Concrete implementation stays simple
class ProfileViewModel(
    private val userRepository: UserRepository
) : MviViewModel<ProfileState, ProfileIntent>(ProfileState()) {

    override fun onIntent(intent: ProfileIntent) {
        when (intent) {
            is ProfileIntent.Load -> load(intent.userId)
            is ProfileIntent.Refresh -> refresh()
            is ProfileIntent.ToggleFavorite -> toggleFavorite()
        }
    }

    private fun load(userId: String) {
        viewModelScope.launch {
            updateState { copy(isLoading = true) }

            val user = userRepository.getUser(userId)

            updateState {
                copy(user = user, isLoading = false)
            }
        }
    }

    private fun refresh() = load(currentState.user?.id ?: return)

    private fun toggleFavorite() {
        updateState {
            copy(user = user?.copy(isFavorite = !user.isFavorite))
        }
    }
}