Symfony 8 완벽 가이드: PHP 8.4 레이지 오브젝트, 멀티스텝 폼, 2026년 면접 대비까지

namespace App\Service;

use Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\Attribute\Lazy;

#[Lazy]
final readonly class HeavyReportGenerator
{
    public function __construct(
        private DatabaseConnection $db,
        private PdfEngine $pdf,
        private CacheInterface $cache,
    ) {
        // Constructor runs only when a method is actually called
    }

    public function generate(int $reportId): string
    {
        $data = $this->db->fetchReport($reportId);
        return $this->pdf->render($data);
    }
}

namespace App\Controller;

use Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\Attribute\Autowire;

class DashboardController
{
    public function __construct(
        #[Autowire(lazy: true)]
        private HeavyReportGenerator $reportGenerator,
    ) {}
}

namespace App\Form;

use Symfony\Component\Form\Flow\AbstractFlowType;
use Symfony\Component\Form\Flow\FormFlowBuilderInterface;
use Symfony\Component\OptionsResolver\OptionsResolver;

class UserSignUpType extends AbstractFlowType
{
    public function buildFormFlow(FormFlowBuilderInterface $builder, array $options): void
    {
        $builder->addStep('personal', UserPersonalType::class);
        $builder->addStep('professional', UserProfessionalType::class);
        $builder->addStep('account', UserAccountType::class);

        $builder->add('navigator', NavigatorFlowType::class);
    }

    public function configureOptions(OptionsResolver $resolver): void
    {
        $resolver->setDefaults([
            'data_class' => UserSignUp::class,
            'step_property_path' => 'currentStep',
        ]);
    }
}

namespace App\DTO;

use Symfony\Component\Validator\Constraints as Assert;

class UserSignUp
{
    public function __construct(
        #[Assert\Valid(groups: ['personal'])]
        public Personal $personal = new Personal(),

        #[Assert\Valid(groups: ['professional'])]
        public Professional $professional = new Professional(),

        #[Assert\Valid(groups: ['account'])]
        public Account $account = new Account(),

        public string $currentStep = 'personal',
    ) {}
}

#[Route('/signup')]
public function __invoke(Request $request): Response
{
    $flow = $this->createForm(UserSignUpType::class, new UserSignUp())
        ->handleRequest($request);

    if ($flow->isSubmitted() && $flow->isValid() && $flow->isFinished()) {
        $this->userService->register($flow->getData());
        return $this->redirectToRoute('app_signup_success');
    }

    return $this->render('signup/flow.html.twig', [
        'form' => $flow->getStepForm(),
    ]);
}

namespace App\Command;

use Symfony\Component\Console\Attribute\AsCommand;
use Symfony\Component\Console\Attribute\Argument;
use Symfony\Component\Console\Attribute\Option;
use Symfony\Component\Console\Command\Command;
use Symfony\Component\Console\Style\SymfonyStyle;

#[AsCommand(
    name: 'app:create-user',
    description: 'Create a new user account',
)]
class CreateUserCommand
{
    public function __invoke(
        SymfonyStyle $io,
        #[Argument(description: 'The username for the new account')]
        string $username,
        #[Argument(description: 'The email address')]
        string $email,
        #[Option(shortcut: 'r', description: 'Role to assign')]
        string $role = 'ROLE_USER',
        #[Option(description: 'Activate immediately')]
        bool $activate = false,
    ): int {
        // User creation logic
        $io->success(sprintf('User "%s" created with role %s.', $username, $role));
        return Command::SUCCESS;
    }
}

enum CloudRegion: string {
    case UsEast = 'us-east';
    case UsWest = 'us-west';
    case EuWest = 'eu-west';
}

// In the command
public function __invoke(
    SymfonyStyle $io,
    #[Argument] CloudRegion $region,
    #[Option] ?ServerSize $size = null,
): int {
    $io->info(sprintf('Deploying to %s', $region->value));
    return Command::SUCCESS;
}

class DeployInput
{
    #[Argument]
    public CloudRegion $region;

    #[Option]
    public string $branch = 'main';

    #[Option(shortcut: 'f')]
    public bool $force = false;
}

// src/Command/DeployCommand.php
#[AsCommand(name: 'app:deploy')]
class DeployCommand
{
    public function __invoke(
        SymfonyStyle $io,
        #[MapInput] DeployInput $input,
    ): int {
        // Access $input->region, $input->branch, $input->force
        return Command::SUCCESS;
    }
}

class Product
{
    public string $name {
        set(string $value) {
            $this->name = trim($value);
        }
    }

    public float $price {
        set(float $value) {
            if ($value < 0) {
                throw new \InvalidArgumentException('Price cannot be negative');
            }
            $this->price = $value;
        }
    }

    public float $priceWithTax {
        get => $this->price * 1.20;
    }
}