Rails Service Objects 2026 완벽 가이드: 디자인 패턴, PORO와 기술 면접 대비

# app/services/users/create_account.rb
module Users
  class CreateAccount
    def initialize(user_repo: User, mailer: UserMailer)
      @user_repo = user_repo
      @mailer = mailer
    end

    def call(params)
      user = @user_repo.new(params)
      return Result.failure(:validation_failed, user.errors) unless user.valid?

      user.save!
      @mailer.welcome_email(user).deliver_later
      Result.success(user)
    rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique
      Result.failure(:email_taken, "Email already registered")
    end
  end
end

# app/services/result.rb
class Result
  attr_reader :value, :error, :code

  def initialize(success:, value: nil, error: nil, code: nil)
    @success = success
    @value = value
    @error = error
    @code = code
  end

  def success? = @success
  def failure? = !@success

  def self.success(value) = new(success: true, value: value)
  def self.failure(code, error = nil) = new(success: false, code: code, error: error)

  def on_success
    yield(value) if success?
    self
  end

  def on_failure
    yield(code, error) if failure?
    self
  end
end

# app/controllers/users_controller.rb
class UsersController < ApplicationController
  def create
    result = Users::CreateAccount.new.call(user_params)

    result
      .on_success { |user| redirect_to user, notice: "Account created" }
      .on_failure { |code, error| render :new, status: :unprocessable_entity }
  end

  private

  def user_params
    params.require(:user).permit(:email, :password, :name)
  end
end

app/services/
  users/
    create_account.rb
    reset_password.rb
    update_profile.rb
  orders/
    place_order.rb
    cancel_order.rb
    calculate_totals.rb
  result.rb

# 피해야 할 예: 하드코딩된 의존성
class CreateAccount
  def call(params)
    user = User.create!(params)        # 직접 모델 호출
    UserMailer.welcome(user).deliver   # 직접 메일러 호출
  end
end

# 개선된 버전: 주입 가능한 의존성
class CreateAccount
  def initialize(user_repo: User, mailer: UserMailer)
    @user_repo = user_repo
    @mailer = mailer
  end

  def call(params)
    user = @user_repo.create!(params)
    @mailer.welcome(user).deliver_later
    Result.success(user)
  end
end

# spec/services/users/create_account_spec.rb
RSpec.describe Users::CreateAccount do
  let(:fake_repo) { class_double(User) }
  let(:fake_mailer) { class_double(UserMailer) }
  let(:service) { described_class.new(user_repo: fake_repo, mailer: fake_mailer) }

  it "returns success with valid params" do
    user = instance_double(User, valid?: true)
    allow(fake_repo).to receive(:new).and_return(user)
    allow(user).to receive(:save!)
    allow(fake_mailer).to receive_message_chain(:welcome_email, :deliver_later)

    result = service.call(email: "test@example.com", password: "secure123")

    expect(result).to be_success
  end
end

# app/services/orders/place_order.rb
module Orders
  class PlaceOrder
    def initialize(
      inventory: InventoryService.new,
      payment: PaymentService.new,
      fulfillment: FulfillmentService.new
    )
      @inventory = inventory
      @payment = payment
      @fulfillment = fulfillment
    end

    def call(cart:, payment_method:)
      validate_cart(cart)
        .then { |items| reserve_inventory(items) }
        .then { |reservation| charge_payment(reservation, payment_method) }
        .then { |charge| create_fulfillment(charge) }
    end

    private

    def validate_cart(cart)
      return Result.failure(:empty_cart, "Cart is empty") if cart.items.empty?
      Result.success(cart.items)
    end

    def reserve_inventory(items)
      @inventory.reserve(items)
    end

    def charge_payment(reservation, payment_method)
      result = @payment.charge(reservation.total, payment_method)
      return result if result.failure?

      Result.success({ reservation: reservation, charge: result.value })
    end

    def create_fulfillment(data)
      @fulfillment.create(data[:reservation], data[:charge])
    end
  end
end

# Add to app/services/result.rb
def then
  return self if failure?
  yield(value)
end