2026년 Go와 gRPC: 고성능 마이크로서비스 구축과 면접 핵심 질문

syntax = "proto3";

package user.v1;

option go_package = "gen/user/v1;userv1";

service UserService {
  // Unary RPC: single request, single response
  rpc GetUser(GetUserRequest) returns (GetUserResponse);
  // Server streaming: single request, stream of responses
  rpc StreamActivity(StreamActivityRequest) returns (stream ActivityEvent);
}

message GetUserRequest {
  string user_id = 1;
}

message GetUserResponse {
  string user_id = 1;
  string email = 2;
  string display_name = 3;
  int64 created_at_unix = 4;
}

message StreamActivityRequest {
  string user_id = 1;
  int32 limit = 2;
}

message ActivityEvent {
  string event_id = 1;
  string action = 2;
  string resource = 3;
  int64 timestamp_unix = 4;
}

package server

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"time"

	userv1 "myapp/gen/user/v1"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/status"
)

type UserServer struct {
	userv1.UnimplementedUserServiceServer
	store UserStore // interface for DB access
}

func NewUserServer(store UserStore) *UserServer {
	return &UserServer{store: store}
}

// GetUser handles the unary RPC
func (s *UserServer) GetUser(ctx context.Context, req *userv1.GetUserRequest) (*userv1.GetUserResponse, error) {
	if req.GetUserId() == "" {
		return nil, status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, "user_id is required")
	}

	user, err := s.store.FindByID(ctx, req.GetUserId())
	if err != nil {
		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "lookup failed: %v", err)
	}
	if user == nil {
		return nil, status.Error(codes.NotFound, "user not found")
	}

	return &userv1.GetUserResponse{
		UserId:       user.ID,
		Email:        user.Email,
		DisplayName:  user.DisplayName,
		CreatedAtUnix: user.CreatedAt.Unix(),
	}, nil
}

// StreamActivity sends activity events as a server stream
func (s *UserServer) StreamActivity(req *userv1.StreamActivityRequest, stream userv1.UserService_StreamActivityServer) error {
	events, err := s.store.GetActivity(stream.Context(), req.GetUserId(), int(req.GetLimit()))
	if err != nil {
		return status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "activity fetch failed: %v", err)
	}

	for _, evt := range events {
		if err := stream.Send(&userv1.ActivityEvent{
			EventId:       evt.ID,
			Action:        evt.Action,
			Resource:      evt.Resource,
			TimestampUnix: evt.Timestamp.Unix(),
		}); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("stream send: %w", err)
		}
	}

	return nil
}

package main

import (
	"log"
	"net"
	"os"
	"os/signal"
	"syscall"

	"google.golang.org/grpc"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/reflection"
	"go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc"

	"github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-middleware/v2/interceptors/logging"
	"github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-middleware/v2/interceptors/recovery"
	"github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-middleware/v2/interceptors/ratelimit"

	userv1 "myapp/gen/user/v1"
	"myapp/server"
)

func main() {
	// Interceptor order matters: recovery first, then metrics, then auth
	srv := grpc.NewServer(
		// OpenTelemetry tracing via stats handler (not interceptor)
		grpc.StatsHandler(otelgrpc.NewServerHandler()),

		grpc.ChainUnaryInterceptor(
			recovery.UnaryServerInterceptor(),          // catch panics
			ratelimit.UnaryServerInterceptor(limiter),   // rate limiting
			logging.UnaryServerInterceptor(logger),      // structured logging
			authInterceptor,                              // token validation
		),
		grpc.ChainStreamInterceptor(
			recovery.StreamServerInterceptor(),
			ratelimit.StreamServerInterceptor(limiter),
			logging.StreamServerInterceptor(logger),
		),
	)

	// Register service implementation
	userv1.RegisterUserServiceServer(srv, server.NewUserServer(store))

	// Enable reflection for grpcurl and debugging
	reflection.Register(srv)

	lis, err := net.Listen("tcp", ":50051")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalf("listen: %v", err)
	}

	// Graceful shutdown on SIGTERM
	go func() {
		sig := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
		signal.Notify(sig, syscall.SIGTERM, syscall.SIGINT)
		<-sig
		log.Println("shutting down gRPC server")
		srv.GracefulStop()
	}()

	log.Printf("gRPC server listening on :50051")
	if err := srv.Serve(lis); err != nil {
		log.Fatalf("serve: %v", err)
	}
}

package rpcerr

import (
	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/status"
)

// NotFound wraps a resource-not-found error with a consistent message
func NotFound(resource, id string) error {
	return status.Errorf(codes.NotFound, "%s %q not found", resource, id)
}

// InvalidArg wraps a validation error
func InvalidArg(field, reason string) error {
	return status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "%s: %s", field, reason)
}

// Internal wraps an unexpected error, hiding internals from the client
func Internal(err error) error {
	// Log the real error server-side; return generic message to client
	return status.Error(codes.Internal, "internal server error")
}

package server_test

import (
	"context"
	"net"
	"testing"

	"google.golang.org/grpc"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/credentials/insecure"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/test/bufconn"

	userv1 "myapp/gen/user/v1"
	"myapp/server"
)

const bufSize = 1024 * 1024

func setupServer(t *testing.T) userv1.UserServiceClient {
	t.Helper()

	lis := bufconn.Listen(bufSize) // in-memory listener
	srv := grpc.NewServer()
	userv1.RegisterUserServiceServer(srv, server.NewUserServer(mockStore{}))

	go func() {
		if err := srv.Serve(lis); err != nil {
			t.Errorf("server exited: %v", err)
		}
	}()
	t.Cleanup(srv.GracefulStop)

	// Dial the in-memory listener
	conn, err := grpc.NewClient(
		"passthrough:///bufconn",
		grpc.WithContextDialer(func(ctx context.Context, _ string) (net.Conn, error) {
			return lis.DialContext(ctx)
		}),
		grpc.WithTransportCredentials(insecure.NewCredentials()),
	)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("dial bufconn: %v", err)
	}
	t.Cleanup(func() { conn.Close() })

	return userv1.NewUserServiceClient(conn)
}

func TestGetUser_NotFound(t *testing.T) {
	client := setupServer(t)

	_, err := client.GetUser(context.Background(), &userv1.GetUserRequest{
		UserId: "nonexistent",
	})

	// Verify gRPC status code
	st, ok := status.FromError(err)
	if !ok || st.Code() != codes.NotFound {
		t.Errorf("expected NotFound, got %v", err)
	}
}

package main

import (
	"crypto/tls"
	"crypto/x509"
	"os"

	"google.golang.org/grpc/credentials"
)

func loadTLSCredentials(certFile, keyFile, caFile string) (credentials.TransportCredentials, error) {
	cert, err := tls.LoadX509KeyPair(certFile, keyFile)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	caPool := x509.NewCertPool()
	caPEM, err := os.ReadFile(caFile)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	caPool.AppendCertsFromPEM(caPEM)

	tlsCfg := &tls.Config{
		Certificates: []tls.Certificate{cert},
		ClientAuth:   tls.RequireAndVerifyClientCert, // enforce mTLS
		ClientCAs:    caPool,
		MinVersion:   tls.VersionTLS13, // TLS 1.3 minimum in 2026
	}

	return credentials.NewTLS(tlsCfg), nil
}