Django Channels 2026년 완벽 가이드: WebSocket, 실시간 통신, 면접 대비

# asgi.py
import os
from django.core.asgi import get_asgi_application
from channels.routing import ProtocolTypeRouter, URLRouter
from channels.auth import AuthMiddlewareStack
import chat.routing

os.environ.setdefault('DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE', 'project.settings')

application = ProtocolTypeRouter({
    "http": get_asgi_application(),
    "websocket": AuthMiddlewareStack(
        URLRouter(
            chat.routing.websocket_urlpatterns
        )
    ),
})

# consumers.py
import json
from channels.generic.websocket import AsyncWebsocketConsumer

class NotificationConsumer(AsyncWebsocketConsumer):
    async def connect(self):
        # AuthMiddlewareStack을 통해 세션에서 사용자 추출
        self.user = self.scope["user"]
        if self.user.is_anonymous:
            await self.close()
            return
        
        # 사용자별 채널 그룹 생성
        self.group_name = f"notifications_{self.user.id}"
        await self.channel_layer.group_add(
            self.group_name,
            self.channel_name
        )
        await self.accept()

    async def disconnect(self, close_code):
        # 그룹 멤버십 정리
        await self.channel_layer.group_discard(
            self.group_name,
            self.channel_name
        )

    async def receive(self, text_data):
        # 클라이언트로부터 수신된 메시지 처리
        data = json.loads(text_data)
        await self.send(text_data=json.dumps({
            "type": "ack",
            "id": data.get("id")
        }))

    async def notification_message(self, event):
        # 채널 레이어를 통해 전송된 메시지 핸들러
        await self.send(text_data=json.dumps({
            "type": "notification",
            "payload": event["payload"]
        }))

# routing.py
from django.urls import re_path
from . import consumers

websocket_urlpatterns = [
    re_path(
        r"ws/notifications/$",
        consumers.NotificationConsumer.as_asgi()
    ),
    re_path(
        r"ws/chat/(?P<room_name>\w+)/$",
        consumers.ChatConsumer.as_asgi()
    ),
]

# settings.py
CHANNEL_LAYERS = {
    "default": {
        "BACKEND": "channels_redis.core.RedisChannelLayer",
        "CONFIG": {
            "hosts": [("redis", 6379)],
            "capacity": 1500,
            "expiry": 10,
        },
    },
}

# views.py
from channels.layers import get_channel_layer
from asgiref.sync import async_to_sync

def create_order(request):
    order = Order.objects.create(user=request.user, **form.cleaned_data)
    
    # 사용자의 WebSocket 연결에 알림 전송
    channel_layer = get_channel_layer()
    async_to_sync(channel_layer.group_send)(
        f"notifications_{request.user.id}",
        {
            "type": "notification_message",
            "payload": {
                "title": "Order Created",
                "order_id": order.id
            }
        }
    )
    return redirect("order_detail", pk=order.id)

# consumers.py
from channels.db import database_sync_to_async
from .models import Message

class ChatConsumer(AsyncWebsocketConsumer):
    @database_sync_to_async
    def save_message(self, content):
        return Message.objects.create(
            room=self.room,
            user=self.user,
            content=content
        )
    
    async def receive(self, text_data):
        data = json.loads(text_data)
        message = await self.save_message(data["content"])
        
        await self.channel_layer.group_send(
            self.room_group_name,
            {
                "type": "chat_message",
                "content": data["content"],
                "user_id": self.user.id,
                "message_id": message.id
            }
        )

# Django 네이티브 비동기 ORM 사용 (Django 4.1 이상)
async def receive(self, text_data):
    data = json.loads(text_data)
    message = await Message.objects.acreate(
        room=self.room,
        user=self.user,
        content=data["content"]
    )

# 프로덕션 배포
uvicorn project.asgi:application \
    --host 0.0.0.0 \
    --port 8000 \
    --workers 4 \
    --ws websockets \
    --loop uvloop

# nginx.conf
upstream channels {
    server 127.0.0.1:8000;
}

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;

    location /ws/ {
        proxy_pass http://channels;
        proxy_http_version 1.1;
        proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
        proxy_set_header Connection "upgrade";
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_read_timeout 86400;
    }

    location / {
        proxy_pass http://channels;
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
    }
}