Kubernetes Helm Charts 완벽 가이드 2026: 패키징, 배포, 면접 질문

# Chart.yaml
apiVersion: v2
name: my-application
description: A production-ready web application
type: application
version: 1.0.0
appVersion: "2.1.0"
dependencies:
  - name: postgresql
    version: "15.x"
    repository: "https://charts.bitnami.com/bitnami"
    condition: postgresql.enabled

# values.yaml
replicaCount: 3

image:
  repository: myregistry.io/app
  tag: "2.1.0"
  pullPolicy: IfNotPresent

service:
  type: ClusterIP
  port: 8080

resources:
  limits:
    cpu: 500m
    memory: 512Mi
  requests:
    cpu: 100m
    memory: 128Mi

postgresql:
  enabled: true
  auth:
    database: appdb

# templates/deployment.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: {{ include "my-application.fullname" . }}
  labels:
    {{- include "my-application.labels" . | nindent 4 }}
spec:
  replicas: {{ .Values.replicaCount }}
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      {{- include "my-application.selectorLabels" . | nindent 6 }}
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        {{- include "my-application.selectorLabels" . | nindent 8 }}
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: {{ .Chart.Name }}
          image: "{{ .Values.image.repository }}:{{ .Values.image.tag }}"
          imagePullPolicy: {{ .Values.image.pullPolicy }}
          ports:
            - containerPort: {{ .Values.service.port }}
          resources:
            {{- toYaml .Values.resources | nindent 12 }}

# templates/_helpers.tpl
{{- define "my-application.fullname" -}}
{{- if .Values.fullnameOverride }}
{{- .Values.fullnameOverride | trunc 63 | trimSuffix "-" }}
{{- else }}
{{- $name := default .Chart.Name .Values.nameOverride }}
{{- printf "%s-%s" .Release.Name $name | trunc 63 | trimSuffix "-" }}
{{- end }}
{{- end }}

{{- define "my-application.labels" -}}
helm.sh/chart: {{ include "my-application.chart" . }}
app.kubernetes.io/name: {{ include "my-application.name" . }}
app.kubernetes.io/instance: {{ .Release.Name }}
app.kubernetes.io/version: {{ .Chart.AppVersion | quote }}
app.kubernetes.io/managed-by: {{ .Release.Service }}
{{- end }}

# 패키징 전 의존성 업데이트
helm dependency update ./my-application

# 의존성 빌드 (charts/ 디렉토리 생성)
helm dependency build ./my-application

# values.yaml
postgresql:
  enabled: true

redis:
  enabled: false

# Chart.yaml
dependencies:
  - name: postgresql
    version: "15.x"
    repository: "https://charts.bitnami.com/bitnami"
    condition: postgresql.enabled
  - name: redis
    version: "19.x"
    repository: "https://charts.bitnami.com/bitnami"
    condition: redis.enabled

# 사용자 정의 값으로 차트 설치
helm install my-release ./my-application \
  --namespace production \
  --create-namespace \
  --values production-values.yaml \
  --set image.tag=2.1.1

# 기존 릴리스 업그레이드
helm upgrade my-release ./my-application \
  --namespace production \
  --values production-values.yaml \
  --set image.tag=2.2.0 \
  --atomic \
  --timeout 5m

# 릴리스 히스토리 보기
helm history my-release -n production

# 이전 리비전으로 롤백
helm rollback my-release 2 -n production

# 릴리스 삭제
helm uninstall my-release -n production --keep-history

# 차트 오류 및 모범 사례 린트
helm lint ./my-application

# 배포 없이 로컬에서 템플릿 렌더링
helm template my-release ./my-application \
  --values production-values.yaml \
  > rendered-manifests.yaml

# 클러스터 API에 대해 드라이런
helm install my-release ./my-application \
  --dry-run \
  --debug \
  --namespace production

# templates/tests/test-connection.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: "{{ include "my-application.fullname" . }}-test"
  labels:
    {{- include "my-application.labels" . | nindent 4 }}
  annotations:
    "helm.sh/hook": test
spec:
  containers:
    - name: curl
      image: curlimages/curl:8.7.1
      command: ['curl']
      args: ['{{ include "my-application.fullname" . }}:{{ .Values.service.port }}/health']
  restartPolicy: Never

# templates/configmap.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: {{ include "my-application.fullname" . }}-config
data:
  {{- range $key, $value := .Values.config }}
  {{ $key }}: {{ $value | quote }}
  {{- end }}
  
  {{- if .Values.features.enabled }}
  FEATURE_FLAGS: {{ .Values.features.flags | join "," | quote }}
  {{- end }}

# templates/secrets.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: {{ include "my-application.fullname" . }}-secrets
type: Opaque
data:
  {{- range $key, $value := .Values.secrets }}
  {{ $key }}: {{ $value | b64enc }}
  {{- end }}