데이터 분석가를 위한 SQL: 윈도우 함수, CTE, 고급 쿼리 기법

-- window_function_syntax.sql
SELECT
  employee_id,
  department,
  salary,
  -- Ranks employees within each department by salary
  RANK() OVER (
    PARTITION BY department
    ORDER BY salary DESC
  ) AS dept_salary_rank,
  -- Running total of salaries within department
  SUM(salary) OVER (
    PARTITION BY department
    ORDER BY salary DESC
    ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
  ) AS running_salary_total
FROM employees;

-- ranking_comparison.sql
SELECT
  product_name,
  category,
  revenue,
  ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY revenue DESC) AS row_num,
  RANK()       OVER (ORDER BY revenue DESC) AS rank_val,
  DENSE_RANK() OVER (ORDER BY revenue DESC) AS dense_rank_val
FROM products;

-- period_over_period.sql
SELECT
  month,
  revenue,
  -- Previous month revenue
  LAG(revenue, 1) OVER (ORDER BY month) AS prev_month_revenue,
  -- Month-over-month growth rate
  ROUND(
    (revenue - LAG(revenue, 1) OVER (ORDER BY month)) * 100.0
    / NULLIF(LAG(revenue, 1) OVER (ORDER BY month), 0),
    2
  ) AS mom_growth_pct,
  -- Next month revenue (forward-looking)
  LEAD(revenue, 1) OVER (ORDER BY month) AS next_month_revenue
FROM monthly_sales
ORDER BY month;

-- customer_segmentation.sql
SELECT
  customer_id,
  total_spend,
  -- Split customers into 4 quartiles by spend
  NTILE(4) OVER (ORDER BY total_spend DESC) AS spend_quartile,
  -- Decile scoring for finer granularity
  NTILE(10) OVER (ORDER BY total_spend DESC) AS spend_decile
FROM (
  SELECT
    customer_id,
    SUM(order_total) AS total_spend
  FROM orders
  WHERE order_date >= '2025-01-01'
  GROUP BY customer_id
) customer_totals;

-- cte_sales_analysis.sql
WITH monthly_revenue AS (
  -- Step 1: Aggregate raw orders into monthly totals
  SELECT
    DATE_TRUNC('month', order_date) AS month,
    product_category,
    SUM(amount) AS revenue,
    COUNT(DISTINCT customer_id) AS unique_customers
  FROM orders
  WHERE order_date >= '2025-01-01'
  GROUP BY DATE_TRUNC('month', order_date), product_category
),
ranked_categories AS (
  -- Step 2: Rank categories within each month
  SELECT
    month,
    product_category,
    revenue,
    unique_customers,
    RANK() OVER (
      PARTITION BY month
      ORDER BY revenue DESC
    ) AS category_rank
  FROM monthly_revenue
)
-- Step 3: Final output — top 3 categories per month
SELECT
  month,
  product_category,
  revenue,
  unique_customers,
  category_rank
FROM ranked_categories
WHERE category_rank <= 3
ORDER BY month, category_rank;

-- recursive_org_chart.sql
WITH RECURSIVE org_hierarchy AS (
  -- Base case: top-level managers (no manager above them)
  SELECT
    employee_id,
    employee_name,
    manager_id,
    1 AS depth,
    employee_name AS management_chain
  FROM employees
  WHERE manager_id IS NULL

  UNION ALL

  -- Recursive case: join employees to their managers
  SELECT
    e.employee_id,
    e.employee_name,
    e.manager_id,
    oh.depth + 1,
    oh.management_chain || ' > ' || e.employee_name
  FROM employees e
  INNER JOIN org_hierarchy oh ON e.manager_id = oh.employee_id
)
SELECT
  employee_id,
  employee_name,
  depth,
  management_chain
FROM org_hierarchy
ORDER BY management_chain;

-- consecutive_login_streaks.sql
WITH login_days AS (
  SELECT DISTINCT
    user_id,
    DATE(login_timestamp) AS login_date
  FROM user_sessions
),
streaks AS (
  SELECT
    user_id,
    login_date,
    -- Subtracting row_number from date creates a constant for consecutive days
    login_date - (ROW_NUMBER() OVER (
      PARTITION BY user_id
      ORDER BY login_date
    ))::int AS streak_group
  FROM login_days
)
SELECT
  user_id,
  MIN(login_date) AS streak_start,
  MAX(login_date) AS streak_end,
  COUNT(*) AS streak_length
FROM streaks
GROUP BY user_id, streak_group
HAVING COUNT(*) >= 3
ORDER BY streak_length DESC;

-- conditional_analytics.sql
SELECT
  order_date,
  product_category,
  amount,
  -- 7-day moving average
  AVG(amount) OVER (
    PARTITION BY product_category
    ORDER BY order_date
    ROWS BETWEEN 6 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
  ) AS moving_avg_7d,
  -- Cumulative sum resetting each quarter
  SUM(amount) OVER (
    PARTITION BY product_category, DATE_TRUNC('quarter', order_date)
    ORDER BY order_date
  ) AS qtd_cumulative,
  -- Flag if current row exceeds 2x the category average
  CASE
    WHEN amount > 2 * AVG(amount) OVER (PARTITION BY product_category)
    THEN 'OUTLIER'
    ELSE 'NORMAL'
  END AS outlier_flag
FROM daily_sales
ORDER BY product_category, order_date;

-- named_window.sql
SELECT
  department,
  employee_id,
  salary,
  RANK() OVER dept_window AS dept_rank,
  SUM(salary) OVER dept_window AS dept_total,
  AVG(salary) OVER dept_window AS dept_avg
FROM employees
WINDOW dept_window AS (
  PARTITION BY department
  ORDER BY salary DESC
);