NestJS và GraphQL năm 2026: Schema, Resolver và Câu hỏi Phỏng vấn

import { Module } from '@nestjs/common';
import { GraphQLModule } from '@nestjs/graphql';
import { ApolloDriver, ApolloDriverConfig } from '@nestjs/apollo';
import { join } from 'path';

@Module({
  imports: [
    GraphQLModule.forRoot<ApolloDriverConfig>({
      driver: ApolloDriver,
      autoSchemaFile: join(process.cwd(), 'src/schema.gql'), // Code-first: generates schema
      sortSchema: true, // Alphabetical ordering for readability
      playground: process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production', // Disable in prod
      introspection: process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production',
    }),
  ],
})
export class AppModule {}

import { ObjectType, Field, ID, Int } from '@nestjs/graphql';

@ObjectType({ description: 'Application user' }) // Description appears in schema docs
export class User {
  @Field(() => ID) // Maps to GraphQL ID scalar
  id: string;

  @Field()
  email: string;

  @Field({ nullable: true }) // Optional field in GraphQL
  displayName?: string;

  @Field(() => Int, { defaultValue: 0 })
  postCount: number;

  @Field(() => [Post], { nullable: 'itemsAndList' }) // Both list and items can be null
  posts?: Post[];

  // Fields without @Field() are excluded from GraphQL schema
  passwordHash: string;
}

import { Resolver, Query, Mutation, Args, ID } from '@nestjs/graphql';
import { User } from './user.entity';
import { UsersService } from './users.service';
import { CreateUserInput } from './dto/create-user.input';

@Resolver(() => User) // Binds resolver to User type for field resolution
export class UsersResolver {
  constructor(private readonly usersService: UsersService) {}

  @Query(() => [User], { name: 'users' }) // Explicit query name
  findAll(): Promise<User[]> {
    return this.usersService.findAll();
  }

  @Query(() => User, { nullable: true })
  user(@Args('id', { type: () => ID }) id: string): Promise<User | null> {
    return this.usersService.findOne(id);
  }

  @Mutation(() => User)
  createUser(@Args('input') input: CreateUserInput): Promise<User> {
    return this.usersService.create(input);
  }
}

import { InputType, Field } from '@nestjs/graphql';
import { IsEmail, MinLength, IsOptional, Matches } from 'class-validator';

@InputType()
export class CreateUserInput {
  @Field()
  @IsEmail({}, { message: 'Invalid email format' })
  email: string;

  @Field()
  @MinLength(8, { message: 'Password must be at least 8 characters' })
  @Matches(/[A-Z]/, { message: 'Password must contain uppercase letter' })
  password: string;

  @Field({ nullable: true })
  @IsOptional()
  @MinLength(2)
  displayName?: string;
}

import { Resolver, ResolveField, Parent } from '@nestjs/graphql';
import { User } from './user.entity';
import { Post } from '../posts/post.entity';
import { PostsLoader } from '../posts/posts.loader';

@Resolver(() => User)
export class UsersResolver {
  constructor(private readonly postsLoader: PostsLoader) {}

  @ResolveField(() => [Post])
  async posts(@Parent() user: User): Promise<Post[]> {
    // DataLoader batches requests: one query for all user IDs
    return this.postsLoader.batchByUserId.load(user.id);
  }

  @ResolveField(() => Int)
  async postCount(@Parent() user: User): Promise<number> {
    const posts = await this.postsLoader.batchByUserId.load(user.id);
    return posts.length;
  }
}

import { Injectable, Scope } from '@nestjs/common';
import * as DataLoader from 'dataloader';
import { PostsService } from './posts.service';
import { Post } from './post.entity';

@Injectable({ scope: Scope.REQUEST }) // New instance per request
export class PostsLoader {
  constructor(private readonly postsService: PostsService) {}

  public readonly batchByUserId = new DataLoader<string, Post[]>(
    async (userIds: readonly string[]) => {
      // Single query: SELECT * FROM posts WHERE user_id IN (...)
      const posts = await this.postsService.findByUserIds([...userIds]);
      // Map results back to input order
      const postsMap = new Map<string, Post[]>();
      posts.forEach(post => {
        const existing = postsMap.get(post.userId) || [];
        postsMap.set(post.userId, [...existing, post]);
      });
      return userIds.map(id => postsMap.get(id) || []);
    }
  );
}

GraphQLModule.forRoot<ApolloDriverConfig>({
  driver: ApolloDriver,
  autoSchemaFile: true,
  subscriptions: {
    'graphql-ws': true, // Modern protocol
    'subscriptions-transport-ws': false, // Deprecated legacy protocol
  },
}),

import { Resolver, Subscription } from '@nestjs/graphql';
import { PubSub } from 'graphql-subscriptions';
import { Post } from './post.entity';

const pubSub = new PubSub(); // Use Redis PubSub for multi-instance deployments

@Resolver(() => Post)
export class PostsResolver {
  @Subscription(() => Post, {
    filter: (payload, variables) => 
      payload.postCreated.userId === variables.userId, // Client-side filtering
  })
  postCreated() {
    return pubSub.asyncIterableIterator('postCreated');
  }

  @Mutation(() => Post)
  async createPost(@Args('input') input: CreatePostInput): Promise<Post> {
    const post = await this.postsService.create(input);
    pubSub.publish('postCreated', { postCreated: post }); // Trigger subscription
    return post;
  }
}

import { Injectable, ExecutionContext } from '@nestjs/common';
import { GqlExecutionContext } from '@nestjs/graphql';
import { AuthGuard } from '@nestjs/passport';

@Injectable()
export class GqlAuthGuard extends AuthGuard('jwt') {
  getRequest(context: ExecutionContext) {
    const ctx = GqlExecutionContext.create(context);
    return ctx.getContext().req; // Extract request from GraphQL context
  }
}

@UseGuards(GqlAuthGuard)
@Resolver(() => User)
export class UsersResolver {
  @Query(() => User)
  me(@CurrentUser() user: User): User {
    return user; // Return authenticated user
  }

  @ResolveField(() => String, { nullable: true })
  email(@Parent() user: User, @CurrentUser() currentUser: User): string | null {
    // Only return email if viewing own profile or admin
    if (user.id === currentUser.id || currentUser.role === 'ADMIN') {
      return user.email;
    }
    return null;
  }
}