Fast JavaScript ListView 2026: Kỹ Thuật Windowing, Virtualization và Tối Ưu Hiệu Suất

import { useVirtualizer } from '@tanstack/react-virtual'
import { useRef } from 'react'

interface Item {
  id: string
  name: string
  email: string
}

export function VirtualizedList({ items }: { items: Item[] }) {
  const parentRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
  
  // Create virtualizer instance with estimated row height
  const virtualizer = useVirtualizer({
    count: items.length,
    getScrollElement: () => parentRef.current,
    estimateSize: () => 60, // estimated height in pixels
    overscan: 5, // render 5 extra items above/below viewport
  })

  return (
    <div ref={parentRef} style={{ height: '600px', overflow: 'auto' }}>
      <div style={{ height: `${virtualizer.getTotalSize()}px`, position: 'relative' }}>
        {virtualizer.getVirtualItems().map((virtualRow) => {
          const item = items[virtualRow.index]
          return (
            <div
              key={item.id}
              style={{
                position: 'absolute',
                top: 0,
                left: 0,
                width: '100%',
                height: `${virtualRow.size}px`,
                transform: `translateY(${virtualRow.start}px)`,
              }}
            >
              <div className="flex items-center gap-3 p-3 border-b">
                <div className="w-10 h-10 rounded-full bg-gray-200" />
                <div>
                  <p className="font-medium">{item.name}</p>
                  <p className="text-sm text-gray-500">{item.email}</p>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
          )
        })}
      </div>
    </div>
  )
}

import { useVirtualizer } from '@tanstack/react-virtual'
import { useRef, useCallback } from 'react'

interface Message {
  id: string
  content: string
  timestamp: number
}

export function ChatList({ messages }: { messages: Message[] }) {
  const parentRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
  
  // measureElement enables dynamic height measurement
  const virtualizer = useVirtualizer({
    count: messages.length,
    getScrollElement: () => parentRef.current,
    estimateSize: () => 80, // rough estimate, actual measured later
    overscan: 8,
  })

  return (
    <div ref={parentRef} style={{ height: '100vh', overflow: 'auto' }}>
      <div
        style={{
          height: `${virtualizer.getTotalSize()}px`,
          width: '100%',
          position: 'relative',
        }}
      >
        {virtualizer.getVirtualItems().map((virtualRow) => {
          const message = messages[virtualRow.index]
          return (
            <div
              key={message.id}
              data-index={virtualRow.index}
              ref={virtualizer.measureElement} // enables auto-measurement
              style={{
                position: 'absolute',
                top: 0,
                left: 0,
                width: '100%',
                transform: `translateY(${virtualRow.start}px)`,
              }}
            >
              <div className="p-4 border-b">
                <p className="text-sm text-gray-500">
                  {new Date(message.timestamp).toLocaleTimeString()}
                </p>
                <p className="mt-1">{message.content}</p>
              </div>
            </div>
          )
        })}
      </div>
    </div>
  )
}

import { Virtuoso } from 'react-virtuoso'

interface User {
  id: string
  name: string
  department: string
}

export function UserDirectory({ users }: { users: User[] }) {
  return (
    <Virtuoso
      style={{ height: '600px' }}
      data={users}
      itemContent={(index, user) => (
        <div className="flex items-center gap-3 p-4 border-b hover:bg-gray-50">
          <div className="w-12 h-12 rounded-full bg-blue-100 flex items-center justify-center">
            {user.name.charAt(0)}
          </div>
          <div>
            <p className="font-medium">{user.name}</p>
            <p className="text-sm text-gray-500">{user.department}</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      )}
    />
  )
}

interface ImageItem {
  id: string
  src: string
  title: string
}

export function ImageListItem({ item }: { item: ImageItem }) {
  return (
    <div className="flex gap-4 p-4 border-b">
      {/* Reserve 80x80px space regardless of load state */}
      <div className="w-20 h-20 flex-shrink-0 bg-gray-100">
        <img
          src={item.src}
          alt={item.title}
          className="w-full h-full object-cover"
          loading="lazy"
        />
      </div>
      <p className="font-medium">{item.title}</p>
    </div>
  )
}

import { useState, useCallback } from 'react'
import { useVirtualizer } from '@tanstack/react-virtual'

interface FAQ {
  id: string
  question: string
  answer: string
}

export function FAQList({ faqs }: { faqs: FAQ[] }) {
  // State lives in parent, survives row unmounting
  const [expandedIds, setExpandedIds] = useState<Set<string>>(new Set())
  const parentRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
  
  const toggleExpanded = useCallback((id: string) => {
    setExpandedIds(prev => {
      const next = new Set(prev)
      if (next.has(id)) {
        next.delete(id)
      } else {
        next.add(id)
      }
      return next
    })
  }, [])
  
  const virtualizer = useVirtualizer({
    count: faqs.length,
    getScrollElement: () => parentRef.current,
    estimateSize: () => 60,
    overscan: 5,
  })

  return (
    <div ref={parentRef} style={{ height: '600px', overflow: 'auto' }}>
      <div style={{ height: `${virtualizer.getTotalSize()}px`, position: 'relative' }}>
        {virtualizer.getVirtualItems().map((virtualRow) => {
          const faq = faqs[virtualRow.index]
          const isExpanded = expandedIds.has(faq.id)
          return (
            <div
              key={faq.id}
              data-index={virtualRow.index}
              ref={virtualizer.measureElement}
              style={{
                position: 'absolute',
                top: 0,
                left: 0,
                width: '100%',
                transform: `translateY(${virtualRow.start}px)`,
              }}
            >
              <button
                onClick={() => toggleExpanded(faq.id)}
                className="w-full text-left p-4 border-b"
              >
                <p className="font-medium">{faq.question}</p>
                {isExpanded && (
                  <p className="mt-2 text-gray-600">{faq.answer}</p>
                )}
              </button>
            </div>
          )
        })}
      </div>
    </div>
  )
}

// Correct: stable key from data
{virtualizer.getVirtualItems().map((virtualRow) => {
  const item = items[virtualRow.index]
  return <div key={item.id}>...</div> // id from database/API
})}

// Wrong: index changes when list reorders
{virtualizer.getVirtualItems().map((virtualRow, index) => {
  return <div key={index}>...</div> // causes bugs on reorder
})}

import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'

export function useScrollFPS(containerRef: React.RefObject<HTMLElement>) {
  const frameCountRef = useRef(0)
  const lastTimeRef = useRef(performance.now())
  
  useEffect(() => {
    const container = containerRef.current
    if (!container) return
    
    let rafId: number
    
    const measureFrame = () => {
      frameCountRef.current++
      const now = performance.now()
      
      if (now - lastTimeRef.current >= 1000) {
        console.log(`Scroll FPS: ${frameCountRef.current}`)
        frameCountRef.current = 0
        lastTimeRef.current = now
      }
      
      rafId = requestAnimationFrame(measureFrame)
    }
    
    const handleScroll = () => {
      if (!rafId) {
        rafId = requestAnimationFrame(measureFrame)
      }
    }
    
    container.addEventListener('scroll', handleScroll, { passive: true })
    
    return () => {
      container.removeEventListener('scroll', handleScroll)
      cancelAnimationFrame(rafId)
    }
  }, [containerRef])
}