Quản lý Vòng đời DbContext trong ASP.NET Core: Hiệu năng vs An toàn Thread trong Thao tác Async

builder.Services.AddDbContext<AppDbContext>(options =>
    options.UseNpgsql(builder.Configuration.GetConnectionString("Default")));

public class OrderController : ControllerBase
{
    private readonly AppDbContext _context;

    public OrderController(AppDbContext context)
    {
        _context = context;
    }

    [HttpPost]
    public async Task<IActionResult> CreateOrder(CreateOrderDto dto)
    {
        var order = new Order { CustomerId = dto.CustomerId, Total = dto.Total };
        _context.Orders.Add(order);
        await _context.SaveChangesAsync();
        return CreatedAtAction(nameof(GetOrder), new { id = order.Id }, order);
    }
}

// SAI: Không sử dụng
public async Task<IActionResult> GetDashboard()
{
    var ordersTask = _context.Orders.CountAsync();
    var productsTask = _context.Products.CountAsync();
    var customersTask = _context.Customers.CountAsync();

    // Chạy ba query trên cùng một DbContext đồng thời
    await Task.WhenAll(ordersTask, productsTask, customersTask);

    return Ok(new { Orders = ordersTask.Result, Products = productsTask.Result, Customers = customersTask.Result });
}

builder.Services.AddDbContextFactory<AppDbContext>(options =>
    options.UseNpgsql(builder.Configuration.GetConnectionString("Default")));

public class DashboardService
{
    private readonly IDbContextFactory<AppDbContext> _contextFactory;

    public DashboardService(IDbContextFactory<AppDbContext> contextFactory)
    {
        _contextFactory = contextFactory;
    }

    public async Task<DashboardStats> GetStatsAsync()
    {
        // Mỗi task nhận được instance DbContext riêng
        var ordersTask = Task.Run(async () =>
        {
            await using var context = _contextFactory.CreateDbContext();
            return await context.Orders.CountAsync();
        });

        var productsTask = Task.Run(async () =>
        {
            await using var context = _contextFactory.CreateDbContext();
            return await context.Products.CountAsync();
        });

        var customersTask = Task.Run(async () =>
        {
            await using var context = _contextFactory.CreateDbContext();
            return await context.Customers.CountAsync();
        });

        await Task.WhenAll(ordersTask, productsTask, customersTask);

        return new DashboardStats
        {
            Orders = ordersTask.Result,
            Products = productsTask.Result,
            Customers = customersTask.Result
        };
    }
}

builder.Services.AddDbContextPool<AppDbContext>(options =>
    options.UseNpgsql(builder.Configuration.GetConnectionString("Default")),
    poolSize: 128);

builder.Services.AddPooledDbContextFactory<AppDbContext>(options =>
    options.UseNpgsql(builder.Configuration.GetConnectionString("Default")),
    poolSize: 128);

public class BatchProcessor
{
    private readonly IDbContextFactory<AppDbContext> _contextFactory;

    public BatchProcessor(IDbContextFactory<AppDbContext> contextFactory)
    {
        _contextFactory = contextFactory;
    }

    public async Task ProcessBatchAsync(IEnumerable<OrderUpdate> updates)
    {
        // Xử lý theo chunk song song với pooled context
        var chunks = updates.Chunk(100);
        var tasks = chunks.Select(async chunk =>
        {
            await using var context = _contextFactory.CreateDbContext();
            foreach (var update in chunk)
            {
                var order = await context.Orders.FindAsync(update.OrderId);
                if (order != null)
                {
                    order.Status = update.NewStatus;
                }
            }
            await context.SaveChangesAsync();
        });

        await Task.WhenAll(tasks);
    }
}

builder.Services.AddDbContextFactory<AppDbContext>(options =>
    options.UseNpgsql(builder.Configuration.GetConnectionString("Default")));

public partial class OrderList : ComponentBase
{
    [Inject]
    private IDbContextFactory<AppDbContext> ContextFactory { get; set; } = default!;

    private List<Order> _orders = new();

    protected override async Task OnInitializedAsync()
    {
        await using var context = ContextFactory.CreateDbContext();
        _orders = await context.Orders
            .AsNoTracking()
            .OrderByDescending(o => o.CreatedAt)
            .Take(50)
            .ToListAsync();
    }
}

public class OrderProcessingService : BackgroundService
{
    private readonly IServiceScopeFactory _scopeFactory;

    public OrderProcessingService(IServiceScopeFactory scopeFactory)
    {
        _scopeFactory = scopeFactory;
    }

    protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken stoppingToken)
    {
        while (!stoppingToken.IsCancellationRequested)
        {
            using var scope = _scopeFactory.CreateScope();
            var context = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<AppDbContext>();

            var pendingOrders = await context.Orders
                .Where(o => o.Status == OrderStatus.Pending)
                .Take(10)
                .ToListAsync(stoppingToken);

            foreach (var order in pendingOrders)
            {
                order.Status = OrderStatus.Processing;
            }

            await context.SaveChangesAsync(stoppingToken);
            await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30), stoppingToken);
        }
    }
}

public class OrderProcessingService : BackgroundService
{
    private readonly IDbContextFactory<AppDbContext> _contextFactory;

    public OrderProcessingService(IDbContextFactory<AppDbContext> contextFactory)
    {
        _contextFactory = contextFactory;
    }

    protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken stoppingToken)
    {
        while (!stoppingToken.IsCancellationRequested)
        {
            await using var context = _contextFactory.CreateDbContext();

            var pendingOrders = await context.Orders
                .Where(o => o.Status == OrderStatus.Pending)
                .Take(10)
                .ToListAsync(stoppingToken);

            foreach (var order in pendingOrders)
            {
                order.Status = OrderStatus.Processing;
            }

            await context.SaveChangesAsync(stoppingToken);
            await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30), stoppingToken);
        }
    }
}

// SAI: Không sử dụng
public void UpdateAndNotify(int orderId)
{
    var order = _context.Orders.Find(orderId);
    order.Status = OrderStatus.Shipped;
    _context.SaveChangesAsync(); // Không await!
    _notificationService.SendAsync(order.CustomerId); // Context có thể vẫn đang lưu
}