Vue 3 Pinia vs Vuex 완벽 비교: 2026년 상태 관리 전략과 면접 핵심 질문

import { defineStore } from 'pinia'

// Options Store syntax — familiar to Vuex developers
export const useCounterStore = defineStore('counter', {
  state: () => ({
    count: 0,
    lastUpdated: null as Date | null,
  }),
  getters: {
    // Getters receive state as first argument with full type inference
    doubleCount: (state) => state.count * 2,
    isPositive(): boolean {
      // Access other getters via `this`
      return this.count > 0
    },
  },
  actions: {
    increment() {
      // Direct state mutation — no commit() needed
      this.count++
      this.lastUpdated = new Date()
    },
    async fetchCount(id: string) {
      // Async actions work without extra configuration
      const response = await fetch(`/api/counters/${id}`)
      const data = await response.json()
      this.count = data.count
    },
  },
})

import { defineStore } from 'pinia'
import { ref, computed } from 'vue'

// Setup Store syntax — identical patterns to Composition API
export const useCounterStore = defineStore('counter', () => {
  // ref() becomes state
  const count = ref(0)
  const lastUpdated = ref<Date | null>(null)

  // computed() becomes getters
  const doubleCount = computed(() => count.value * 2)
  const isPositive = computed(() => count.value > 0)

  // Functions become actions
  function increment() {
    count.value++
    lastUpdated.value = new Date()
  }

  async function fetchCount(id: string) {
    const response = await fetch(`/api/counters/${id}`)
    const data = await response.json()
    count.value = data.count
  }

  // Must return all state, getters, and actions
  return { count, lastUpdated, doubleCount, isPositive, increment, fetchCount }
})

// Vuex 4 — manual type augmentation required
import { Store } from 'vuex'

declare module 'vuex' {
  interface State {
    counter: {
      count: number
      lastUpdated: Date | null
    }
  }
}

// Accessing state requires type assertions or custom helpers
const count = (store.state as { counter: { count: number } }).counter.count

// Pinia — full type inference, zero configuration
const counter = useCounterStore()

// TypeScript knows counter.count is number
// TypeScript knows counter.doubleCount is number
// TypeScript knows counter.increment() returns void
// TypeScript knows counter.fetchCount() returns Promise<void>
counter.increment()
console.log(counter.doubleCount)

import { defineStore } from 'pinia'
import { ref, watch } from 'vue'
import { useDebounceFn } from '@vueuse/core'
import { useRoute } from 'vue-router'

export const useSearchStore = defineStore('search', () => {
  const route = useRoute()
  const query = ref('')
  const results = ref<SearchResult[]>([])
  const isLoading = ref(false)

  // VueUse composable used directly inside the store
  const debouncedSearch = useDebounceFn(async (term: string) => {
    if (!term.trim()) {
      results.value = []
      return
    }
    isLoading.value = true
    try {
      const res = await fetch(`/api/search?q=${encodeURIComponent(term)}`)
      results.value = await res.json()
    } finally {
      isLoading.value = false
    }
  }, 300)

  // Watcher syncs URL query param to store state
  watch(() => route.query.q, (q) => {
    if (typeof q === 'string') {
      query.value = q
      debouncedSearch(q)
    }
  })

  function setQuery(term: string) {
    query.value = term
    debouncedSearch(term)
  }

  return { query, results, isLoading, setQuery }
})

import { defineStore } from 'pinia'
import { useProductStore } from './products'
import { useAuthStore } from './auth'
import { ref, computed } from 'vue'

export const useCartStore = defineStore('cart', () => {
  const items = ref<CartItem[]>([])

  const total = computed(() => {
    // Access another store by calling its composable
    const productStore = useProductStore()
    return items.value.reduce((sum, item) => {
      const product = productStore.getById(item.productId)
      return sum + (product?.price ?? 0) * item.quantity
    }, 0)
  })

  async function checkout() {
    const auth = useAuthStore()
    if (!auth.isAuthenticated) {
      throw new Error('Authentication required')
    }
    // Checkout logic
  }

  return { items, total, checkout }
})

// Before: Vuex module
// store/modules/user.ts
const userModule = {
  namespaced: true,
  state: () => ({
    profile: null as UserProfile | null,
    preferences: {} as UserPreferences,
  }),
  mutations: {
    SET_PROFILE(state, profile: UserProfile) {
      state.profile = profile
    },
    UPDATE_PREFERENCES(state, prefs: Partial<UserPreferences>) {
      state.preferences = { ...state.preferences, ...prefs }
    },
  },
  actions: {
    async fetchProfile({ commit }) {
      const profile = await api.getProfile()
      commit('SET_PROFILE', profile)
    },
    async updatePreferences({ commit }, prefs: Partial<UserPreferences>) {
      await api.updatePreferences(prefs)
      commit('UPDATE_PREFERENCES', prefs)
    },
  },
  getters: {
    isLoggedIn: (state) => state.profile !== null,
    displayName: (state) => state.profile?.name ?? 'Guest',
  },
}

// After: Pinia store
// stores/user.ts
import { defineStore } from 'pinia'
import { ref, computed } from 'vue'
import { api } from '@/lib/api'

export const useUserStore = defineStore('user', () => {
  const profile = ref<UserProfile | null>(null)
  const preferences = ref<UserPreferences>({})

  const isLoggedIn = computed(() => profile.value !== null)
  const displayName = computed(() => profile.value?.name ?? 'Guest')

  async function fetchProfile() {
    profile.value = await api.getProfile()
  }

  async function updatePreferences(prefs: Partial<UserPreferences>) {
    await api.updatePreferences(prefs)
    Object.assign(preferences.value, prefs)
  }

  return { profile, preferences, isLoggedIn, displayName, fetchProfile, updatePreferences }
})

import { defineStore } from 'pinia'

export const useProductStore = defineStore('products', {
  state: () => ({
    items: [] as Product[],
    selectedCategory: 'all',
  }),
  actions: {
    async fetchProducts() {
      // useFetch is Nuxt-specific — use $fetch for store actions
      this.items = await $fetch<Product[]>('/api/products', {
        query: { category: this.selectedCategory },
      })
    },
  },
  getters: {
    getById: (state) => (id: string) =>
      state.items.find((item) => item.id === id),
    filteredCount: (state) =>
      state.items.filter((p) => p.inStock).length,
  },
})