Spring Boot 면접 질문 30선: 자바 개발자를 위한 완벽 가이드

// With Spring Boot: a single annotation to start
@SpringBootApplication
public class Application {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // SpringApplication configures and starts the Spring context
        SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
    }
}

@Configuration
@ConditionalOnClass(DataSource.class) // Activates if DataSource is on classpath
@ConditionalOnMissingBean(DataSource.class) // Only acts if no DataSource exists
public class CustomAutoConfiguration {

    @Bean
    @ConditionalOnProperty(name = "app.datasource.enabled", havingValue = "true")
    public DataSource dataSource() {
        // Default DataSource configuration
        return DataSourceBuilder.create()
            .driverClassName("org.h2.Driver")
            .url("jdbc:h2:mem:testdb")
            .build();
    }
}

<!-- pom.xml for a custom starter -->
<project>
    <artifactId>my-company-starter</artifactId>
    <dependencies>
        <!-- Base Spring Boot dependency -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <!-- Company-specific libraries -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.mycompany</groupId>
            <artifactId>logging-utils</artifactId>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</project>

# application.properties
server.port=8080
spring.datasource.url=jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/mydb
spring.datasource.username=admin
spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=update

# application.yml - clear hierarchical structure
server:
  port: 8080

spring:
  datasource:
    url: jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/mydb
    username: admin
  jpa:
    hibernate:
      ddl-auto: update

// @SpringBootApplication is equivalent to these three annotations:
@SpringBootConfiguration // Equivalent to @Configuration
@EnableAutoConfiguration // Activates auto-configuration
@ComponentScan // Scans components in package and sub-packages
public class DemoApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Creates context, runs configurations, and starts server
        ConfigurableApplicationContext context =
            SpringApplication.run(DemoApplication.class, args);

        // The context contains all configured beans
        UserService userService = context.getBean(UserService.class);
    }
}

// CrudRepository: basic CRUD operations
public interface UserCrudRepository extends CrudRepository<User, Long> {
    // save(), findById(), findAll(), deleteById(), count(), existsById()
}

// PagingAndSortingRepository: adds pagination and sorting
public interface UserPagingRepository extends PagingAndSortingRepository<User, Long> {
    // Inherits from CrudRepository + findAll(Sort), findAll(Pageable)
}

// JpaRepository: complete JPA features
public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Long> {
    // Inherits from previous + flush(), saveAndFlush(), deleteInBatch()

    // Derived query methods
    List<User> findByEmailContaining(String email);

    Optional<User> findByUsernameAndActiveTrue(String username);
}

public interface OrderRepository extends JpaRepository<Order, Long> {

    // JPQL with named parameters
    @Query("SELECT o FROM Order o WHERE o.customer.id = :customerId AND o.status = :status")
    List<Order> findCustomerOrdersByStatus(
        @Param("customerId") Long customerId,
        @Param("status") OrderStatus status
    );

    // Native SQL query for specific needs
    @Query(value = "SELECT * FROM orders WHERE created_at > NOW() - INTERVAL '7 days'",
           nativeQuery = true)
    List<Order> findRecentOrders();

    // Modifying query with @Modifying
    @Modifying
    @Transactional
    @Query("UPDATE Order o SET o.status = :status WHERE o.id IN :ids")
    int updateOrderStatuses(@Param("ids") List<Long> ids, @Param("status") OrderStatus status);
}

@Service
public class PaymentService {

    private final AccountRepository accountRepository;
    private final TransactionLogRepository logRepository;

    // Transaction with custom configuration
    @Transactional(
        propagation = Propagation.REQUIRED,      // Creates or joins a transaction
        isolation = Isolation.READ_COMMITTED,    // Isolation level
        timeout = 30,                            // Timeout in seconds
        rollbackFor = PaymentException.class     // Rollback on this exception
    )
    public void transferMoney(Long fromId, Long toId, BigDecimal amount) {
        Account from = accountRepository.findById(fromId)
            .orElseThrow(() -> new AccountNotFoundException(fromId));
        Account to = accountRepository.findById(toId)
            .orElseThrow(() -> new AccountNotFoundException(toId));

        from.debit(amount);  // Throws exception if insufficient balance
        to.credit(amount);

        accountRepository.save(from);
        accountRepository.save(to);

        // Log will be rolled back with everything else if an exception occurs
        logRepository.save(new TransactionLog(fromId, toId, amount));
    }
}

@Entity
public class User {

    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    private Long id;

    // Eager: roles are loaded with the user
    @ManyToMany(fetch = FetchType.EAGER)
    private Set<Role> roles;

    // Lazy: orders are only loaded on access
    @OneToMany(mappedBy = "user", fetch = FetchType.LAZY)
    private List<Order> orders;
}

@Service
public class UserService {

    @Transactional(readOnly = true)
    public UserDTO getUserWithOrders(Long userId) {
        User user = userRepository.findById(userId).orElseThrow();

        // Accessing orders triggers an additional SQL query
        // This works because the session is open (@Transactional)
        List<OrderDTO> orderDTOs = user.getOrders().stream()
            .map(this::toDTO)
            .collect(Collectors.toList());

        return new UserDTO(user, orderDTOs);
    }

    // Alternative: query with JOIN FETCH to avoid N+1
    public UserDTO getUserWithOrdersOptimized(Long userId) {
        User user = userRepository.findByIdWithOrders(userId);
        // Orders are already loaded, no additional query
        return new UserDTO(user, user.getOrders());
    }
}

public interface ArticleRepository extends JpaRepository<Article, Long> {

    // PROBLEM: this query generates N+1 queries
    List<Article> findAll();

    // SOLUTION 1: JOIN FETCH in JPQL
    @Query("SELECT a FROM Article a JOIN FETCH a.author JOIN FETCH a.comments")
    List<Article> findAllWithDetails();

    // SOLUTION 2: Entity Graph
    @EntityGraph(attributePaths = {"author", "comments"})
    @Query("SELECT a FROM Article a")
    List<Article> findAllWithGraph();
}

@Entity
@NamedEntityGraph(
    name = "Article.withDetails",
    attributeNodes = {
        @NamedAttributeNode("author"),
        @NamedAttributeNode("comments")
    }
)
public class Article {
    @Id
    private Long id;

    @ManyToOne(fetch = FetchType.LAZY)
    private Author author;

    @OneToMany(mappedBy = "article", fetch = FetchType.LAZY)
    private List<Comment> comments;
}

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/users")
@Validated // Activates validation on method parameters
public class UserController {

    private final UserService userService;

    @PostMapping
    @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.CREATED)
    public UserResponse createUser(@Valid @RequestBody CreateUserRequest request) {
        // Validation is performed automatically before execution
        return userService.createUser(request);
    }

    @GetMapping("/{id}")
    public UserResponse getUser(
        @PathVariable @Min(1) Long id // Validation on PathVariable
    ) {
        return userService.findById(id)
            .orElseThrow(() -> new UserNotFoundException(id));
    }

    @GetMapping
    public Page<UserResponse> listUsers(
        @RequestParam(defaultValue = "0") @Min(0) int page,
        @RequestParam(defaultValue = "20") @Max(100) int size
    ) {
        return userService.findAll(PageRequest.of(page, size));
    }
}

public record CreateUserRequest(
    @NotBlank(message = "Name is required")
    @Size(min = 2, max = 50, message = "Name must be between 2 and 50 characters")
    String name,

    @NotBlank(message = "Email is required")
    @Email(message = "Invalid email format")
    String email,

    @NotBlank
    @Pattern(regexp = "^(?=.*[A-Z])(?=.*[0-9]).{8,}$",
             message = "Password must contain at least 8 characters, one uppercase and one digit")
    String password
) {}

@RestControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {

    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GlobalExceptionHandler.class);

    // Handle validation errors
    @ExceptionHandler(MethodArgumentNotValidException.class)
    @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST)
    public ErrorResponse handleValidationErrors(MethodArgumentNotValidException ex) {
        Map<String, String> errors = ex.getBindingResult()
            .getFieldErrors()
            .stream()
            .collect(Collectors.toMap(
                FieldError::getField,
                FieldError::getDefaultMessage,
                (existing, replacement) -> existing
            ));

        return new ErrorResponse("VALIDATION_ERROR", "Invalid data", errors);
    }

    // Handle resource not found
    @ExceptionHandler(ResourceNotFoundException.class)
    @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND)
    public ErrorResponse handleNotFound(ResourceNotFoundException ex) {
        return new ErrorResponse("NOT_FOUND", ex.getMessage(), null);
    }

    // Handle unexpected errors
    @ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)
    @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
    public ErrorResponse handleUnexpectedError(Exception ex) {
        log.error("Unexpected error", ex);
        return new ErrorResponse("INTERNAL_ERROR", "An error occurred", null);
    }
}

public record ErrorResponse(
    String code,
    String message,
    Map<String, String> details,
    Instant timestamp
) {
    public ErrorResponse(String code, String message, Map<String, String> details) {
        this(code, message, details, Instant.now());
    }
}

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/products")
public class ProductController {

    // @PathVariable: extracts values from the URL
    // GET /api/products/123
    @GetMapping("/{id}")
    public Product getProduct(@PathVariable Long id) {
        return productService.findById(id);
    }

    // @RequestParam: extracts query parameters
    // GET /api/products?category=electronics&minPrice=100&page=0
    @GetMapping
    public Page<Product> searchProducts(
        @RequestParam(required = false) String category,
        @RequestParam(defaultValue = "0") BigDecimal minPrice,
        @RequestParam(defaultValue = "0") int page
    ) {
        return productService.search(category, minPrice, PageRequest.of(page, 20));
    }

    // @RequestBody: deserializes the JSON request body
    // POST /api/products with {"name": "...", "price": ...}
    @PostMapping
    public Product createProduct(@Valid @RequestBody CreateProductRequest request) {
        return productService.create(request);
    }

    // Combination of all three in the same method
    // PUT /api/products/123?notify=true with JSON body
    @PutMapping("/{id}")
    public Product updateProduct(
        @PathVariable Long id,
        @RequestParam(defaultValue = "false") boolean notify,
        @Valid @RequestBody UpdateProductRequest request
    ) {
        Product updated = productService.update(id, request);
        if (notify) {
            notificationService.sendUpdateNotification(updated);
        }
        return updated;
    }
}

// Version via URL (recommended for clarity)
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/v1/users")
public class UserControllerV1 {
    @GetMapping("/{id}")
    public UserV1Response getUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
        return userService.findByIdV1(id);
    }
}

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/v2/users")
public class UserControllerV2 {
    @GetMapping("/{id}")
    public UserV2Response getUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
        // V2 includes additional fields
        return userService.findByIdV2(id);
    }
}

// Version via custom header
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/users")
public class UserController {

    @GetMapping(value = "/{id}", headers = "X-API-Version=1")
    public UserV1Response getUserV1(@PathVariable Long id) {
        return userService.findByIdV1(id);
    }

    @GetMapping(value = "/{id}", headers = "X-API-Version=2")
    public UserV2Response getUserV2(@PathVariable Long id) {
        return userService.findByIdV2(id);
    }
}

// Version via media type (content negotiation)
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/users")
public class UserMediaTypeController {

    @GetMapping(value = "/{id}", produces = "application/vnd.myapi.v1+json")
    public UserV1Response getUserV1(@PathVariable Long id) {
        return userService.findByIdV1(id);
    }

    @GetMapping(value = "/{id}", produces = "application/vnd.myapi.v2+json")
    public UserV2Response getUserV2(@PathVariable Long id) {
        return userService.findByIdV2(id);
    }
}

@Configuration
public class CorsConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {

    @Override
    public void addCorsMappings(CorsRegistry registry) {
        registry.addMapping("/api/**")
            .allowedOrigins("https://frontend.example.com", "https://admin.example.com")
            .allowedMethods("GET", "POST", "PUT", "DELETE", "OPTIONS")
            .allowedHeaders("*")
            .exposedHeaders("X-Total-Count", "X-Page-Count")
            .allowCredentials(true)
            .maxAge(3600); // Cache preflight for 1 hour
    }
}

// Per-controller or method configuration
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/public")
@CrossOrigin(origins = "*", maxAge = 3600)
public class PublicApiController {

    @GetMapping("/data")
    public DataResponse getPublicData() {
        return dataService.getPublicData();
    }

    // Override at method level
    @CrossOrigin(origins = "https://specific-client.com")
    @PostMapping("/submit")
    public SubmitResponse submitData(@RequestBody SubmitRequest request) {
        return dataService.submit(request);
    }
}

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class SecurityConfig {

    private final JwtAuthenticationFilter jwtFilter;

    @Bean
    public SecurityFilterChain securityFilterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
        return http
            .csrf(csrf -> csrf.disable()) // Disabled for stateless API
            .sessionManagement(session ->
                session.sessionCreationPolicy(SessionCreationPolicy.STATELESS)
            )
            .authorizeHttpRequests(auth -> auth
                .requestMatchers("/api/auth/**").permitAll()
                .requestMatchers("/api/public/**").permitAll()
                .requestMatchers("/api/admin/**").hasRole("ADMIN")
                .requestMatchers("/api/**").authenticated()
            )
            .addFilterBefore(jwtFilter, UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter.class)
            .build();
    }

    @Bean
    public PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder() {
        return new BCryptPasswordEncoder();
    }
}

@Component
public class JwtAuthenticationFilter extends OncePerRequestFilter {

    private final JwtService jwtService;
    private final UserDetailsService userDetailsService;

    @Override
    protected void doFilterInternal(
        HttpServletRequest request,
        HttpServletResponse response,
        FilterChain chain
    ) throws ServletException, IOException {

        String authHeader = request.getHeader("Authorization");

        if (authHeader == null || !authHeader.startsWith("Bearer ")) {
            chain.doFilter(request, response);
            return;
        }

        String jwt = authHeader.substring(7);
        String username = jwtService.extractUsername(jwt);

        if (username != null && SecurityContextHolder.getContext().getAuthentication() == null) {
            UserDetails userDetails = userDetailsService.loadUserByUsername(username);

            if (jwtService.isTokenValid(jwt, userDetails)) {
                UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken authToken =
                    new UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(
                        userDetails, null, userDetails.getAuthorities()
                    );
                authToken.setDetails(new WebAuthenticationDetailsSource().buildDetails(request));
                SecurityContextHolder.getContext().setAuthentication(authToken);
            }
        }

        chain.doFilter(request, response);
    }
}

@Service
@PreAuthorize("isAuthenticated()") // All methods require authentication
public class UserService {

    // Only ADMINs can list all users
    @PreAuthorize("hasRole('ADMIN')")
    public List<User> findAll() {
        return userRepository.findAll();
    }

    // User can view their profile OR admins can view any profile
    @PreAuthorize("hasRole('ADMIN') or #id == authentication.principal.id")
    public User findById(Long id) {
        return userRepository.findById(id)
            .orElseThrow(() -> new UserNotFoundException(id));
    }

    // Post-execution check: user can only see their own data
    @PostAuthorize("returnObject.owner.id == authentication.principal.id or hasRole('ADMIN')")
    public Document getDocument(Long documentId) {
        return documentRepository.findById(documentId)
            .orElseThrow(() -> new DocumentNotFoundException(documentId));
    }

    // Collection filtering: returns only authorized elements
    @PostFilter("filterObject.owner.id == authentication.principal.id")
    public List<Project> getUserProjects() {
        return projectRepository.findAll();
    }
}

@Configuration
@EnableMethodSecurity(prePostEnabled = true)
public class MethodSecurityConfig {
    // Additional configuration if needed
}

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
        return http
            // CSRF configuration for session-based applications
            .csrf(csrf -> csrf
                .csrfTokenRepository(CookieCsrfTokenRepository.withHttpOnlyFalse())
                .csrfTokenRequestHandler(new CsrfTokenRequestAttributeHandler())
                // Exclude certain endpoints from CSRF protection
                .ignoringRequestMatchers("/api/webhooks/**")
            )
            .build();
    }
}

@RestController
public class CsrfController {

    @GetMapping("/api/csrf")
    public CsrfToken csrf(CsrfToken token) {
        // Returns CSRF token to frontend
        return token;
    }
}

@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
class UserControllerIntegrationTest {

    // Loads full context: all beans, database, etc.
    @Autowired
    private TestRestTemplate restTemplate;

    @Test
    void shouldCreateUser() {
        CreateUserRequest request = new CreateUserRequest("John", "john@example.com");

        ResponseEntity<User> response = restTemplate.postForEntity(
            "/api/users", request, User.class
        );

        assertThat(response.getStatusCode()).isEqualTo(HttpStatus.CREATED);
        assertThat(response.getBody().getName()).isEqualTo("John");
    }
}

@WebMvcTest(UserController.class) // Loads only the web layer
class UserControllerUnitTest {

    @Autowired
    private MockMvc mockMvc;

    @MockitoBean // Replaces @MockBean (deprecated)
    private UserService userService;

    @Test
    void shouldReturnUser() throws Exception {
        // Mock configuration
        when(userService.findById(1L))
            .thenReturn(Optional.of(new User(1L, "John", "john@example.com")));

        mockMvc.perform(get("/api/users/1"))
            .andExpect(status().isOk())
            .andExpect(jsonPath("$.name").value("John"))
            .andExpect(jsonPath("$.email").value("john@example.com"));
    }

    @Test
    void shouldReturn404WhenUserNotFound() throws Exception {
        when(userService.findById(999L)).thenReturn(Optional.empty());

        mockMvc.perform(get("/api/users/999"))
            .andExpect(status().isNotFound());
    }
}

@DataJpaTest
@AutoConfigureTestDatabase(replace = Replace.NONE) // Use Testcontainers
class UserRepositoryTest {

    @Autowired
    private UserRepository userRepository;

    @Autowired
    private TestEntityManager entityManager;

    @Test
    void shouldFindByEmail() {
        // Arrange: create and persist an entity
        User user = new User("John", "john@example.com");
        entityManager.persistAndFlush(user);
        entityManager.clear(); // Clear L1 cache

        // Act
        Optional<User> found = userRepository.findByEmail("john@example.com");

        // Assert
        assertThat(found).isPresent();
        assertThat(found.get().getName()).isEqualTo("John");
    }

    @Test
    void shouldFindActiveUsersWithOrders() {
        // Testing a complex query with joins
        User activeUser = entityManager.persistAndFlush(new User("Active", "active@test.com", true));
        User inactiveUser = entityManager.persistAndFlush(new User("Inactive", "inactive@test.com", false));

        entityManager.persistAndFlush(new Order(activeUser, BigDecimal.valueOf(100)));

        List<User> result = userRepository.findActiveUsersWithOrders();

        assertThat(result).hasSize(1);
        assertThat(result.get(0).getEmail()).isEqualTo("active@test.com");
    }
}

@SpringBootTest
@Testcontainers
abstract class IntegrationTestBase {

    @Container
    @ServiceConnection
    static PostgreSQLContainer<?> postgres = new PostgreSQLContainer<>("postgres:16")
        .withDatabaseName("testdb")
        .withUsername("test")
        .withPassword("test");

    @Container
    @ServiceConnection
    static RedisContainer redis = new RedisContainer("redis:7");
}

class OrderServiceIntegrationTest extends IntegrationTestBase {

    @Autowired
    private OrderService orderService;

    @Autowired
    private OrderRepository orderRepository;

    @Test
    void shouldProcessOrderWithRealDatabase() {
        // Create an order
        Order order = orderService.createOrder(
            new CreateOrderRequest(1L, List.of(
                new OrderItem(101L, 2),
                new OrderItem(102L, 1)
            ))
        );

        // Verify in database
        Order saved = orderRepository.findById(order.getId()).orElseThrow();
        assertThat(saved.getItems()).hasSize(2);
        assertThat(saved.getStatus()).isEqualTo(OrderStatus.PENDING);
    }

    @Test
    void shouldCacheOrderInRedis() {
        Order order = orderService.createOrder(createSampleOrderRequest());

        // First call: database
        Order fetched1 = orderService.findById(order.getId());

        // Second call: Redis cache
        Order fetched2 = orderService.findById(order.getId());

        assertThat(fetched1).isEqualTo(fetched2);
        // Verify cache metrics if needed
    }
}

@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "app.mail")
@Validated
public record MailProperties(
    @NotBlank String host,
    @Min(1) @Max(65535) int port,
    @NotBlank String username,
    @NotBlank String password,
    @Valid SenderConfig sender,
    @Valid RetryConfig retry
) {
    public record SenderConfig(
        @NotBlank @Email String address,
        @NotBlank String name
    ) {}

    public record RetryConfig(
        @Min(1) int maxAttempts,
        @Min(100) long delayMs
    ) {
        public RetryConfig {
            // Default values
            if (maxAttempts == 0) maxAttempts = 3;
            if (delayMs == 0) delayMs = 1000;
        }
    }
}

# application.yml
app:
  mail:
    host: smtp.example.com
    port: 587
    username: ${MAIL_USERNAME}
    password: ${MAIL_PASSWORD}
    sender:
      address: noreply@example.com
      name: MyApp Notifications
    retry:
      max-attempts: 3
      delay-ms: 1000

@Configuration
@EnableConfigurationProperties(MailProperties.class)
public class MailConfig {

    @Bean
    public JavaMailSender mailSender(MailProperties props) {
        JavaMailSenderImpl sender = new JavaMailSenderImpl();
        sender.setHost(props.host());
        sender.setPort(props.port());
        sender.setUsername(props.username());
        sender.setPassword(props.password());
        return sender;
    }
}

# application.yml - Default configuration
spring:
  profiles:
    active: ${SPRING_PROFILES_ACTIVE:dev}
  datasource:
    url: ${DATABASE_URL:jdbc:h2:mem:testdb}

---
# application-dev.yml
spring:
  config:
    activate:
      on-profile: dev
  datasource:
    url: jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/myapp_dev
  jpa:
    show-sql: true
    hibernate:
      ddl-auto: update

logging:
  level:
    com.example: DEBUG

---
# application-prod.yml
spring:
  config:
    activate:
      on-profile: prod
  datasource:
    url: ${DATABASE_URL}
    hikari:
      maximum-pool-size: 20
  jpa:
    show-sql: false
    hibernate:
      ddl-auto: validate

logging:
  level:
    com.example: INFO

@Component
@Profile("dev") // Only active in development
public class DevDataInitializer implements CommandLineRunner {

    private final UserRepository userRepository;

    @Override
    public void run(String... args) {
        // Create test data
        userRepository.save(new User("dev@example.com", "Dev User", "password"));
        userRepository.save(new User("test@example.com", "Test User", "password"));
    }
}

// Service with conditional behavior
@Service
public class NotificationService {

    @Value("${app.notifications.enabled:true}")
    private boolean notificationsEnabled;

    @Autowired(required = false) // Optional based on profile
    private EmailService emailService;

    public void sendNotification(String message) {
        if (notificationsEnabled && emailService != null) {
            emailService.send(message);
        } else {
            log.info("Notification (disabled): {}", message);
        }
    }
}

@Component
public class OrderMetrics {

    private final Counter ordersCreated;
    private final Counter ordersFailed;
    private final Timer orderProcessingTime;
    private final AtomicInteger activeOrders;

    public OrderMetrics(MeterRegistry registry) {
        // Counter for orders created by status
        this.ordersCreated = Counter.builder("orders.created")
            .description("Number of orders created")
            .tag("application", "order-service")
            .register(registry);

        this.ordersFailed = Counter.builder("orders.failed")
            .description("Number of failed orders")
            .register(registry);

        // Timer to measure processing time
        this.orderProcessingTime = Timer.builder("orders.processing.time")
            .description("Order processing time")
            .publishPercentiles(0.5, 0.95, 0.99)
            .register(registry);

        // Gauge for active orders count
        this.activeOrders = new AtomicInteger(0);
        Gauge.builder("orders.active", activeOrders, AtomicInteger::get)
            .description("Number of orders being processed")
            .register(registry);
    }

    public void recordOrderCreated() {
        ordersCreated.increment();
    }

    public void recordOrderFailed() {
        ordersFailed.increment();
    }

    public Timer.Sample startProcessing() {
        activeOrders.incrementAndGet();
        return Timer.start();
    }

    public void stopProcessing(Timer.Sample sample) {
        sample.stop(orderProcessingTime);
        activeOrders.decrementAndGet();
    }
}

@Service
public class OrderService {

    private final OrderMetrics metrics;

    public Order processOrder(CreateOrderRequest request) {
        Timer.Sample sample = metrics.startProcessing();
        try {
            Order order = createOrder(request);
            metrics.recordOrderCreated();
            return order;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            metrics.recordOrderFailed();
            throw e;
        } finally {
            metrics.stopProcessing(sample);
        }
    }
}

@Component
public class ExternalApiHealthIndicator implements HealthIndicator {

    private final RestClient restClient;
    private final ExternalApiProperties properties;

    @Override
    public Health health() {
        try {
            long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

            ResponseEntity<Void> response = restClient.get()
                .uri(properties.getHealthEndpoint())
                .retrieve()
                .toBodilessEntity();

            long responseTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime;

            if (response.getStatusCode().is2xxSuccessful()) {
                return Health.up()
                    .withDetail("responseTime", responseTime + "ms")
                    .withDetail("endpoint", properties.getHealthEndpoint())
                    .build();
            } else {
                return Health.down()
                    .withDetail("status", response.getStatusCode().value())
                    .build();
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            return Health.down()
                .withException(e)
                .withDetail("endpoint", properties.getHealthEndpoint())
                .build();
        }
    }
}

@Component
public class DatabaseHealthContributor implements CompositeHealthContributor {

    private final Map<String, HealthIndicator> indicators;

    public DatabaseHealthContributor(
        DataSource primaryDataSource,
        @Qualifier("replicaDataSource") DataSource replicaDataSource
    ) {
        this.indicators = Map.of(
            "primary", new DataSourceHealthIndicator(primaryDataSource),
            "replica", new DataSourceHealthIndicator(replicaDataSource)
        );
    }

    @Override
    public HealthContributor getContributor(String name) {
        return indicators.get(name);
    }

    @Override
    public Iterator<NamedContributor<HealthContributor>> iterator() {
        return indicators.entrySet().stream()
            .map(e -> NamedContributor.of(e.getKey(), e.getValue()))
            .iterator();
    }
}

@Configuration
@EnableCaching
public class CacheConfig {

    @Bean
    public RedisCacheManager cacheManager(RedisConnectionFactory connectionFactory) {
        RedisCacheConfiguration config = RedisCacheConfiguration.defaultCacheConfig()
            .entryTtl(Duration.ofMinutes(10))
            .serializeKeysWith(SerializationPair.fromSerializer(new StringRedisSerializer()))
            .serializeValuesWith(SerializationPair.fromSerializer(new GenericJackson2JsonRedisSerializer()));

        // Specific configurations per cache
        Map<String, RedisCacheConfiguration> cacheConfigs = Map.of(
            "users", config.entryTtl(Duration.ofHours(1)),
            "products", config.entryTtl(Duration.ofMinutes(30)),
            "sessions", config.entryTtl(Duration.ofMinutes(5))
        );

        return RedisCacheManager.builder(connectionFactory)
            .cacheDefaults(config)
            .withInitialCacheConfigurations(cacheConfigs)
            .build();
    }
}

@Service
public class ProductService {

    // Automatic result caching
    @Cacheable(value = "products", key = "#id")
    public Product findById(Long id) {
        log.info("Fetching product {} from database", id);
        return productRepository.findById(id)
            .orElseThrow(() -> new ProductNotFoundException(id));
    }

    // Cache update on modification
    @CachePut(value = "products", key = "#product.id")
    public Product update(Product product) {
        return productRepository.save(product);
    }

    // Cache invalidation
    @CacheEvict(value = "products", key = "#id")
    public void delete(Long id) {
        productRepository.deleteById(id);
    }

    // Clear entire cache
    @CacheEvict(value = "products", allEntries = true)
    public void clearProductCache() {
        log.info("Product cache cleared");
    }

    // Composite key for searches
    @Cacheable(value = "productSearch", key = "#category + '-' + #minPrice + '-' + #maxPrice")
    public List<Product> search(String category, BigDecimal minPrice, BigDecimal maxPrice) {
        return productRepository.findByCategoryAndPriceBetween(category, minPrice, maxPrice);
    }
}

@Configuration
@EnableScheduling
public class SchedulerConfig {

    @Bean
    public TaskScheduler taskScheduler() {
        ThreadPoolTaskScheduler scheduler = new ThreadPoolTaskScheduler();
        scheduler.setPoolSize(5);
        scheduler.setThreadNamePrefix("scheduled-");
        scheduler.setErrorHandler(t -> log.error("Scheduled task error", t));
        return scheduler;
    }
}

@Component
public class ScheduledTasks {

    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ScheduledTasks.class);

    // Execute every 5 minutes
    @Scheduled(fixedRate = 5 * 60 * 1000)
    public void syncExternalData() {
        log.info("Starting external data sync");
        // Sync with external system
    }

    // Execute 10 seconds after the previous one ends
    @Scheduled(fixedDelay = 10000, initialDelay = 5000)
    public void processQueue() {
        // Queue processing with delay between executions
    }

    // Cron expression: every day at 2 AM
    @Scheduled(cron = "0 0 2 * * *", zone = "Europe/Paris")
    public void dailyCleanup() {
        log.info("Running daily cleanup");
        cleanupService.removeExpiredSessions();
        cleanupService.archiveOldData();
    }

    // Configurable cron via properties
    @Scheduled(cron = "${app.reports.cron:0 0 6 * * MON}")
    public void generateWeeklyReport() {
        reportService.generateAndSend();
    }
}

@Component
@ConditionalOnProperty(name = "app.scheduling.enabled", havingValue = "true")
public class ConditionalScheduledTasks {

    @Scheduled(fixedRate = 60000)
    public void monitorSystem() {
        // Monitoring active only if configured
    }
}

public class UserRegisteredEvent extends ApplicationEvent {

    private final User user;
    private final Instant registeredAt;

    public UserRegisteredEvent(Object source, User user) {
        super(source);
        this.user = user;
        this.registeredAt = Instant.now();
    }

    public User getUser() { return user; }
    public Instant getRegisteredAt() { return registeredAt; }
}

@Service
public class UserService {

    private final ApplicationEventPublisher eventPublisher;

    @Transactional
    public User registerUser(CreateUserRequest request) {
        User user = new User(request.email(), request.name());
        user = userRepository.save(user);

        // Publish event after transaction
        eventPublisher.publishEvent(new UserRegisteredEvent(this, user));

        return user;
    }
}