Migrasi Core Data ke SwiftData: Panduan Langkah demi Langkah 2026

Panduan lengkap untuk memigrasikan aplikasi iOS dari Core Data ke SwiftData dengan contoh praktis, strategi koeksistensi, dan praktik terbaik.

Panduan migrasi Core Data ke SwiftData untuk pengembang iOS

SwiftData merepresentasikan masa depan persistensi data pada platform Apple. Diperkenalkan pada WWDC 2023, framework ini menawarkan sintaks Swift native dan integrasi yang mulus dengan SwiftUI. Bagi aplikasi Core Data yang sudah ada, migrasi merupakan langkah strategis menuju kode yang lebih modern dan mudah dipelihara.

Yang dibahas artikel ini

Panduan ini memerinci proses lengkap migrasi dari Core Data ke SwiftData: penilaian kompatibilitas, konversi model, strategi migrasi data, dan pola koeksistensi untuk transisi bertahap.

Penilaian Kelayakan Migrasi

Sebelum memulai migrasi, penilaian yang cermat memungkinkan untuk mengidentifikasi potensi hambatan. Core Data dan SwiftData berbagi mesin persistensi SQLite yang sama, sehingga data sepenuhnya kompatibel.

MigrationAssessment.swiftswift
// Migration assessment checklist

/*
 FEATURES SUPPORTED BY SWIFTDATA:
 ✅ Simple models with basic properties
 ✅ One-to-one and one-to-many relationships
 ✅ Optional properties and default values
 ✅ Transformable attributes (via Codable)
 ✅ CloudKit synchronization (basic)
 ✅ Automatic lightweight migrations
 ✅ Class inheritance (iOS 26+)

 FEATURES REQUIRING ATTENTION:
 ⚠️ NSFetchedResultsController → @Query + manual observation
 ⚠️ NSCompoundPredicate → #Predicate with combined logic
 ⚠️ Dynamic predicates → Workarounds required

 UNSUPPORTED FEATURES:
 ❌ Advanced CloudKit Sharing
 ❌ Derived attributes
 ❌ Fetched properties
*/

// Example of typical Core Data model to migrate
import CoreData

// Existing Core Data entity
class CDTask: NSManagedObject {
    @NSManaged var id: UUID
    @NSManaged var title: String
    @NSManaged var isCompleted: Bool
    @NSManaged var createdAt: Date
    @NSManaged var priority: Int16
    @NSManaged var category: CDCategory?
}

class CDCategory: NSManagedObject {
    @NSManaged var id: UUID
    @NSManaged var name: String
    @NSManaged var color: String
    @NSManaged var tasks: NSSet?
}

Kompatibilitas pada tingkat data berarti pengguna mempertahankan informasi mereka setelah migrasi. Tidak ada kehilangan data yang terjadi ketika proses dijalankan dengan benar.

Konversi Model Core Data ke SwiftData

Langkah konkret pertama adalah mengkonversi entitas Core Data menjadi kelas SwiftData. Xcode menyediakan alat otomatis, tetapi memahami proses manual tetap penting.

TaskModel.swiftswift
import SwiftData

// SwiftData equivalent of CDTask
@Model
final class Task {
    // Properties with default values
    var id: UUID = UUID()
    var title: String = ""
    var isCompleted: Bool = false
    var createdAt: Date = Date()
    var priority: Int = 0

    // Optional relationship to Category
    var category: Category?

    // Explicit initializer recommended
    init(
        id: UUID = UUID(),
        title: String,
        isCompleted: Bool = false,
        createdAt: Date = Date(),
        priority: Int = 0,
        category: Category? = nil
    ) {
        self.id = id
        self.title = title
        self.isCompleted = isCompleted
        self.createdAt = createdAt
        self.priority = priority
        self.category = category
    }
}

Perbedaan utama dibandingkan Core Data meliputi penggunaan makro @Model alih-alih NSManagedObject, serta tipe Swift native sebagai pengganti tipe Objective-C.

CategoryModel.swiftswift
import SwiftData

@Model
final class Category {
    var id: UUID = UUID()
    var name: String = ""
    var color: String = "blue"

    // Inverse relationship with delete rule
    @Relationship(deleteRule: .cascade, inverse: \Task.category)
    var tasks: [Task] = []

    init(id: UUID = UUID(), name: String, color: String = "blue") {
        self.id = id
        self.name = name
        self.color = color
    }
}
Pemetaan tipe

Tipe Core Data dikonversi secara langsung: Int16 menjadi Int, NSSet menjadi [Model], dan Date tetap Date. Atribut Transformable memerlukan adopsi Codable.

Konfigurasi ModelContainer

ModelContainer SwiftData menggantikan NSPersistentContainer Core Data. Konfigurasi menentukan di mana dan bagaimana data disimpan.

ModelContainerSetup.swiftswift
import SwiftData
import SwiftUI

@main
struct TaskManagerApp: App {
    // SwiftData container configuration
    var sharedModelContainer: ModelContainer = {
        // Schema including all models
        let schema = Schema([
            Task.self,
            Category.self
        ])

        // Configuration with storage options
        let modelConfiguration = ModelConfiguration(
            schema: schema,
            isStoredInMemoryOnly: false,
            // Use the same store as Core Data
            url: URL.applicationSupportDirectory
                .appending(path: "TaskManager.sqlite")
        )

        do {
            return try ModelContainer(
                for: schema,
                configurations: [modelConfiguration]
            )
        } catch {
            fatalError("Could not create ModelContainer: \(error)")
        }
    }()

    var body: some Scene {
        WindowGroup {
            ContentView()
        }
        .modelContainer(sharedModelContainer)
    }
}

Poin krusial terletak pada URL store: menggunakan file SQLite yang sama dengan Core Data memungkinkan SwiftData membaca data yang ada.

Strategi Koeksistensi Core Data dan SwiftData

Untuk aplikasi yang kompleks, migrasi bertahap melalui koeksistensi kedua framework merupakan pendekatan paling aman. Kedua stack dapat mengakses file SQLite yang sama.

CoexistenceSetup.swiftswift
import CoreData
import SwiftData

// Configuration for coexistence
class PersistenceController {
    static let shared = PersistenceController()

    // Shared store between Core Data and SwiftData
    private let storeURL: URL = {
        let appSupport = FileManager.default
            .urls(for: .applicationSupportDirectory, in: .userDomainMask)
            .first!
        return appSupport.appending(path: "TaskManager.sqlite")
    }()

    // MARK: - Core Data Stack (existing)

    lazy var persistentContainer: NSPersistentContainer = {
        let container = NSPersistentContainer(name: "TaskManager")

        // Configure to use shared store
        let description = NSPersistentStoreDescription(url: storeURL)
        description.setOption(
            true as NSNumber,
            forKey: NSPersistentHistoryTrackingKey
        )
        container.persistentStoreDescriptions = [description]

        container.loadPersistentStores { _, error in
            if let error = error as NSError? {
                fatalError("Core Data error: \(error)")
            }
        }

        return container
    }()

    // MARK: - SwiftData Stack (new)

    lazy var swiftDataContainer: ModelContainer = {
        let schema = Schema([Task.self, Category.self])

        let config = ModelConfiguration(
            schema: schema,
            url: storeURL,
            // Disable automatic migrations in coexistence
            allowsSave: true
        )

        do {
            return try ModelContainer(for: schema, configurations: [config])
        } catch {
            fatalError("SwiftData error: \(error)")
        }
    }()
}
Sinkronisasi perubahan

Dalam mode koeksistensi, perubahan yang dilakukan oleh satu framework tidak langsung terlihat oleh framework lainnya. Reload eksplisit atau restart aplikasi mungkin diperlukan.

Migrasi Kueri: Dari NSFetchRequest ke @Query

Perbedaan paling signifikan menyangkut cara data diambil. SwiftUI menggunakan property wrapper @Query sebagai pengganti @FetchRequest.

QueryMigration.swiftswift
import SwiftUI
import SwiftData

// ❌ Old pattern with Core Data
struct OldTaskListView: View {
    @FetchRequest(
        sortDescriptors: [
            NSSortDescriptor(keyPath: \CDTask.createdAt, ascending: false)
        ],
        predicate: NSPredicate(format: "isCompleted == NO")
    )
    private var tasks: FetchedResults<CDTask>

    var body: some View {
        List(tasks) { task in
            Text(task.title)
        }
    }
}

// ✅ New pattern with SwiftData
struct NewTaskListView: View {
    // @Query with built-in sorting and filtering
    @Query(
        filter: #Predicate<Task> { !$0.isCompleted },
        sort: \Task.createdAt,
        order: .reverse
    )
    private var tasks: [Task]

    var body: some View {
        List(tasks) { task in
            TaskRowView(task: task)
        }
    }
}

struct TaskRowView: View {
    let task: Task

    var body: some View {
        HStack {
            // Priority indicator
            Circle()
                .fill(priorityColor)
                .frame(width: 8, height: 8)

            VStack(alignment: .leading) {
                Text(task.title)
                    .font(.headline)

                if let category = task.category {
                    Text(category.name)
                        .font(.caption)
                        .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
                }
            }

            Spacer()

            // Date badge
            Text(task.createdAt, style: .date)
                .font(.caption2)
                .foregroundStyle(.tertiary)
        }
    }

    private var priorityColor: Color {
        switch task.priority {
        case 3: return .red
        case 2: return .orange
        case 1: return .yellow
        default: return .gray
        }
    }
}

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Jelajahi iOS

Penanganan Predikat Dinamis

Tantangan utama dengan SwiftData adalah predikat dinamis. Berbeda dengan Core Data yang predikatnya dapat dimodifikasi secara langsung, @Query membutuhkan pendekatan alternatif.

DynamicPredicates.swiftswift
import SwiftUI
import SwiftData

// Solution 1: Use @Query with custom init
struct FilteredTasksView: View {
    @Query private var tasks: [Task]

    // Create view with specific filter
    init(showCompleted: Bool, categoryId: UUID?) {
        // Build predicate based on parameters
        var predicates: [Predicate<Task>] = []

        if !showCompleted {
            predicates.append(#Predicate { !$0.isCompleted })
        }

        if let categoryId {
            predicates.append(#Predicate { task in
                task.category?.id == categoryId
            })
        }

        // Combine predicates
        let combinedPredicate: Predicate<Task>?
        if predicates.isEmpty {
            combinedPredicate = nil
        } else if predicates.count == 1 {
            combinedPredicate = predicates[0]
        } else {
            // Manually combine for AND logic
            combinedPredicate = #Predicate<Task> { task in
                !task.isCompleted && task.category?.id == categoryId
            }
        }

        _tasks = Query(
            filter: combinedPredicate,
            sort: \Task.createdAt,
            order: .reverse
        )
    }

    var body: some View {
        List(tasks) { task in
            TaskRowView(task: task)
        }
    }
}

// Solution 2: View-side filtering with all results
struct SmartTaskListView: View {
    // Fetch all tasks
    @Query(sort: \Task.createdAt, order: .reverse)
    private var allTasks: [Task]

    // Filter state
    @State private var searchText = ""
    @State private var showCompleted = false
    @State private var selectedCategory: Category?

    // Computed filtering
    private var filteredTasks: [Task] {
        allTasks.filter { task in
            // Text filter
            let matchesSearch = searchText.isEmpty ||
                task.title.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains(searchText)

            // Status filter
            let matchesStatus = showCompleted || !task.isCompleted

            // Category filter
            let matchesCategory = selectedCategory == nil ||
                task.category?.id == selectedCategory?.id

            return matchesSearch && matchesStatus && matchesCategory
        }
    }

    var body: some View {
        NavigationStack {
            List(filteredTasks) { task in
                TaskRowView(task: task)
            }
            .searchable(text: $searchText)
            .toolbar {
                FilterMenu(
                    showCompleted: $showCompleted,
                    selectedCategory: $selectedCategory
                )
            }
        }
    }
}

Migrasi Skema Berversi

Ketika model data berkembang, SwiftData menggunakan VersionedSchema untuk mengelola migrasi yang kompleks.

VersionedSchemas.swiftswift
import SwiftData

// Version 1: Initial schema
enum TaskSchemaV1: VersionedSchema {
    static var versionIdentifier = Schema.Version(1, 0, 0)

    static var models: [any PersistentModel.Type] {
        [Task.self, Category.self]
    }

    @Model
    final class Task {
        var id: UUID = UUID()
        var title: String = ""
        var isCompleted: Bool = false
        var createdAt: Date = Date()
        var category: Category?

        init(title: String) {
            self.title = title
        }
    }

    @Model
    final class Category {
        var id: UUID = UUID()
        var name: String = ""

        @Relationship(deleteRule: .cascade, inverse: \Task.category)
        var tasks: [Task] = []

        init(name: String) {
            self.name = name
        }
    }
}

// Version 2: Added priority and notes fields
enum TaskSchemaV2: VersionedSchema {
    static var versionIdentifier = Schema.Version(2, 0, 0)

    static var models: [any PersistentModel.Type] {
        [Task.self, Category.self]
    }

    @Model
    final class Task {
        var id: UUID = UUID()
        var title: String = ""
        var isCompleted: Bool = false
        var createdAt: Date = Date()
        // New properties with default values
        var priority: Int = 0
        var notes: String = ""
        var category: Category?

        init(title: String, priority: Int = 0) {
            self.title = title
            self.priority = priority
        }
    }

    @Model
    final class Category {
        var id: UUID = UUID()
        var name: String = ""
        // New property
        var color: String = "blue"

        @Relationship(deleteRule: .cascade, inverse: \Task.category)
        var tasks: [Task] = []

        init(name: String, color: String = "blue") {
            self.name = name
            self.color = color
        }
    }
}

Rencana migrasi mendefinisikan urutan versi serta kemungkinan migrasi kustom yang dibutuhkan.

MigrationPlan.swiftswift
import SwiftData

enum TaskMigrationPlan: SchemaMigrationPlan {
    // Chronological order of schemas
    static var schemas: [any VersionedSchema.Type] {
        [TaskSchemaV1.self, TaskSchemaV2.self]
    }

    // Migration stages
    static var stages: [MigrationStage] {
        [migrateV1toV2]
    }

    // V1 → V2 migration: lightweight (properties with defaults)
    static let migrateV1toV2 = MigrationStage.lightweight(
        fromVersion: TaskSchemaV1.self,
        toVersion: TaskSchemaV2.self
    )
}

// Container configuration with migration
@main
struct TaskManagerApp: App {
    var sharedModelContainer: ModelContainer = {
        do {
            return try ModelContainer(
                for: TaskSchemaV2.Task.self, TaskSchemaV2.Category.self,
                migrationPlan: TaskMigrationPlan.self
            )
        } catch {
            fatalError("Migration failed: \(error)")
        }
    }()

    var body: some Scene {
        WindowGroup {
            ContentView()
        }
        .modelContainer(sharedModelContainer)
    }
}
Migrasi lightweight vs kustom

SwiftData secara otomatis menangani migrasi lightweight (menambahkan properti dengan nilai default, mengganti nama, menghapus). Migrasi kompleks yang membutuhkan transformasi data menggunakan MigrationStage.custom.

Mengganti NSFetchedResultsController

Untuk daftar bersection atau pengamatan perubahan yang detail, @Query yang dikombinasikan dengan ekstraksi data menggantikan NSFetchedResultsController.

SectionedResults.swiftswift
import SwiftUI
import SwiftData

struct SectionedTaskListView: View {
    @Query(sort: \Task.createdAt, order: .reverse)
    private var tasks: [Task]

    // Grouping by category
    private var tasksByCategory: [(Category?, [Task])] {
        Dictionary(grouping: tasks) { $0.category }
            .map { ($0.key, $0.value) }
            .sorted { first, second in
                // Tasks without category last
                guard let firstName = first.0?.name else { return false }
                guard let secondName = second.0?.name else { return true }
                return firstName < secondName
            }
    }

    var body: some View {
        List {
            ForEach(tasksByCategory, id: \.0?.id) { category, categoryTasks in
                Section(header: SectionHeader(category: category)) {
                    ForEach(categoryTasks) { task in
                        TaskRowView(task: task)
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

struct SectionHeader: View {
    let category: Category?

    var body: some View {
        HStack {
            if let category {
                Circle()
                    .fill(Color(category.color))
                    .frame(width: 12, height: 12)
                Text(category.name)
            } else {
                Text("Uncategorized")
                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
            }
        }
    }
}

// Alternative: Grouping by date
struct DateGroupedTasksView: View {
    @Query(sort: \Task.createdAt, order: .reverse)
    private var tasks: [Task]

    private var tasksByDate: [(Date, [Task])] {
        let calendar = Calendar.current

        let grouped = Dictionary(grouping: tasks) { task in
            calendar.startOfDay(for: task.createdAt)
        }

        return grouped
            .map { ($0.key, $0.value) }
            .sorted { $0.0 > $1.0 }
    }

    var body: some View {
        List {
            ForEach(tasksByDate, id: \.0) { date, dateTasks in
                Section(header: Text(date, style: .date)) {
                    ForEach(dateTasks) { task in
                        TaskRowView(task: task)
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

Operasi CRUD dengan ModelContext

ModelContext menggantikan NSManagedObjectContext untuk semua operasi pembuatan, pembacaan, pembaruan, dan penghapusan.

CRUDOperations.swiftswift
import SwiftUI
import SwiftData

struct TaskManagementView: View {
    @Environment(\.modelContext) private var modelContext
    @Query private var tasks: [Task]
    @Query private var categories: [Category]

    @State private var newTaskTitle = ""
    @State private var selectedCategory: Category?

    var body: some View {
        NavigationStack {
            VStack {
                // Add form
                AddTaskForm(
                    title: $newTaskTitle,
                    category: $selectedCategory,
                    categories: categories,
                    onAdd: addTask
                )

                // Task list
                List {
                    ForEach(tasks) { task in
                        TaskRowView(task: task)
                            .swipeActions(edge: .trailing) {
                                Button(role: .destructive) {
                                    deleteTask(task)
                                } label: {
                                    Label("Delete", systemImage: "trash")
                                }
                            }
                            .swipeActions(edge: .leading) {
                                Button {
                                    toggleCompletion(task)
                                } label: {
                                    Label(
                                        task.isCompleted ? "Todo" : "Done",
                                        systemImage: task.isCompleted ? "circle" : "checkmark"
                                    )
                                }
                                .tint(task.isCompleted ? .orange : .green)
                            }
                    }
                }
            }
            .navigationTitle("Tasks")
        }
    }

    // CREATE
    private func addTask() {
        guard !newTaskTitle.isEmpty else { return }

        let task = Task(
            title: newTaskTitle,
            category: selectedCategory
        )

        // Insert into context
        modelContext.insert(task)

        // Explicit save (optional - autosave enabled by default)
        do {
            try modelContext.save()
        } catch {
            print("Save error: \(error)")
        }

        // Reset form
        newTaskTitle = ""
        selectedCategory = nil
    }

    // UPDATE
    private func toggleCompletion(_ task: Task) {
        // Direct modification - SwiftData tracks automatically
        task.isCompleted.toggle()

        // Automatic save handles persistence
    }

    // DELETE
    private func deleteTask(_ task: Task) {
        modelContext.delete(task)
    }
}

struct AddTaskForm: View {
    @Binding var title: String
    @Binding var category: Category?
    let categories: [Category]
    let onAdd: () -> Void

    var body: some View {
        VStack(spacing: 12) {
            TextField("New task...", text: $title)
                .textFieldStyle(.roundedBorder)

            HStack {
                Picker("Category", selection: $category) {
                    Text("None").tag(nil as Category?)
                    ForEach(categories) { cat in
                        Text(cat.name).tag(cat as Category?)
                    }
                }
                .pickerStyle(.menu)

                Button("Add", action: onAdd)
                    .buttonStyle(.borderedProminent)
                    .disabled(title.isEmpty)
            }
        }
        .padding()
    }
}

Pengujian Unit dengan SwiftData

Strategi pengujian yang kuat memudahkan validasi migrasi. SwiftData memungkinkan pembuatan kontainer in-memory untuk pengujian.

SwiftDataTests.swiftswift
import XCTest
import SwiftData
@testable import TaskManager

final class TaskModelTests: XCTestCase {
    var container: ModelContainer!
    var context: ModelContext!

    override func setUpWithError() throws {
        // In-memory container for tests
        let config = ModelConfiguration(isStoredInMemoryOnly: true)
        container = try ModelContainer(
            for: Task.self, Category.self,
            configurations: config
        )
        context = ModelContext(container)
    }

    override func tearDownWithError() throws {
        container = nil
        context = nil
    }

    func testCreateTask() throws {
        // Given
        let task = Task(title: "Test Task")

        // When
        context.insert(task)
        try context.save()

        // Then
        let descriptor = FetchDescriptor<Task>()
        let tasks = try context.fetch(descriptor)

        XCTAssertEqual(tasks.count, 1)
        XCTAssertEqual(tasks.first?.title, "Test Task")
    }

    func testTaskCategoryRelationship() throws {
        // Given
        let category = Category(name: "Work", color: "blue")
        let task = Task(title: "Meeting", category: category)

        // When
        context.insert(category)
        context.insert(task)
        try context.save()

        // Then
        XCTAssertEqual(task.category?.name, "Work")
        XCTAssertTrue(category.tasks.contains(task))
    }

    func testDeleteCategoryCascade() throws {
        // Given
        let category = Category(name: "Personal")
        let task1 = Task(title: "Task 1", category: category)
        let task2 = Task(title: "Task 2", category: category)

        context.insert(category)
        context.insert(task1)
        context.insert(task2)
        try context.save()

        // When
        context.delete(category)
        try context.save()

        // Then - cascade delete should remove tasks
        let descriptor = FetchDescriptor<Task>()
        let remainingTasks = try context.fetch(descriptor)

        XCTAssertEqual(remainingTasks.count, 0)
    }

    func testFilteredFetch() throws {
        // Given
        let task1 = Task(title: "Completed", isCompleted: true)
        let task2 = Task(title: "Pending", isCompleted: false)
        let task3 = Task(title: "Also Pending", isCompleted: false)

        [task1, task2, task3].forEach { context.insert($0) }
        try context.save()

        // When
        var descriptor = FetchDescriptor<Task>(
            predicate: #Predicate { !$0.isCompleted }
        )
        let pendingTasks = try context.fetch(descriptor)

        // Then
        XCTAssertEqual(pendingTasks.count, 2)
    }
}

Daftar Periksa Migrasi Lengkap

Berikut adalah ringkasan langkah-langkah migrasi yang sukses:

MigrationChecklist.swiftswift
/*
 PHASE 1: PREPARATION
 □ Audit Core Data features in use
 □ Identify features not supported by SwiftData
 □ Create dedicated migration branch
 □ Back up test data

 PHASE 2: MODEL CONVERSION
 □ Convert NSManagedObject entities to @Model
 □ Adapt relationships with @Relationship
 □ Configure appropriate delete rules
 □ Add required default values

 PHASE 3: CONFIGURATION
 □ Create ModelContainer with existing store URL
 □ Configure versioned schema if needed
 □ Define migration plan
 □ Test in coexistence mode if applicable

 PHASE 4: CODE MIGRATION
 □ Replace @FetchRequest with @Query
 □ Adapt predicates to #Predicate
 □ Migrate NSFetchedResultsController to manual grouping
 □ Convert CRUD operations to ModelContext

 PHASE 5: VALIDATION
 □ Run all unit tests
 □ Test migration with real data
 □ Verify performance with Instruments
 □ Validate CloudKit sync (if applicable)

 PHASE 6: DEPLOYMENT
 □ Document breaking changes
 □ Prepare rollback plan
 □ Deploy to TestFlight
 □ Monitor post-deployment crashes
*/

Kesimpulan

Migrasi dari Core Data ke SwiftData merupakan evolusi alami bagi aplikasi iOS modern. Kompatibilitas pada tingkat store SQLite menjamin pelestarian data pengguna, sementara sintaks Swift native menyederhanakan kode secara signifikan.

Poin-Poin Utama

  • ✅ SwiftData dan Core Data berbagi mesin SQLite yang sama
  • ✅ Koeksistensi memungkinkan migrasi bertahap
  • ✅ @Query menggantikan @FetchRequest dengan sintaks yang lebih sederhana
  • ✅ Predikat dinamis memerlukan pola alternatif
  • ✅ VersionedSchema mengelola evolusi skema
  • ✅ Pengujian in-memory memudahkan validasi
  • ✅ iOS 26 menghadirkan dukungan pewarisan kelas
  • ✅ Sebaiknya memulai proyek baru dengan SwiftData kecuali ada kebutuhan spesifik Core Data

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Tag

#swiftdata
#core-data
#ios
#migration
#swift

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