As 20 Perguntas Mais Frequentes em Entrevistas sobre Flutter

// StatelessWidget: static display, no change after construction
class WelcomeMessage extends StatelessWidget {
  // Final parameter - never changes
  final String username;

  const WelcomeMessage({super.key, required this.username});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    // Build called once (unless parent rebuilds)
    return Text('Welcome, $username');
  }
}

// StatefulWidget: mutable state, can rebuild itself
class LikeButton extends StatefulWidget {
  const LikeButton({super.key});

  @override
  State<LikeButton> createState() => _LikeButtonState();
}

class _LikeButtonState extends State<LikeButton> {
  // Mutable local state
  int _likeCount = 0;

  void _incrementLike() {
    // setState triggers rebuild with new state
    setState(() {
      _likeCount++;
    });
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return ElevatedButton(
      onPressed: _incrementLike,
      child: Text('Likes: $_likeCount'),
    );
  }
}

// Declarative structure - widgets describe the UI
class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    // Each widget creates an Element in the Element Tree
    return MaterialApp(
      home: Scaffold(
        // Scaffold creates multiple RenderObjects
        body: Center(
          // Center modifies its child's layout
          child: Column(
            children: [
              // Each Text has its own RenderParagraph
              Text('First'),
              Text('Second'),
            ],
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

class OptimizedScreen extends StatelessWidget {
  const OptimizedScreen({super.key});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Column(
      children: [
        // ✅ const: same instance reused on each build
        const Icon(Icons.star, size: 48),
        const SizedBox(height: 16),
        const Text('Static title'),

        // ❌ Non-const: new instance on each build
        Icon(Icons.star, color: Theme.of(context).primaryColor),
      ],
    );
  }
}

// Custom widget with const constructor
class StaticCard extends StatelessWidget {
  final String title;

  // All fields must be final for const
  const StaticCard({super.key, required this.title});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Card(child: Text(title));
  }
}

class TodoList extends StatelessWidget {
  final List<Todo> todos;

  const TodoList({super.key, required this.todos});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return ListView.builder(
      itemCount: todos.length,
      itemBuilder: (context, index) {
        final todo = todos[index];
        // ✅ ValueKey: preserves state if order changes
        return TodoTile(
          key: ValueKey(todo.id),
          todo: todo,
        );
      },
    );
  }
}

// Different key types for different contexts
class KeyExamples extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Column(
      children: [
        // ValueKey: based on a unique value
        Container(key: ValueKey('unique-id')),

        // ObjectKey: based on object identity
        Container(key: ObjectKey(myObject)),

        // UniqueKey: new key on each build
        Container(key: UniqueKey()),

        // GlobalKey: access state from outside
        Form(key: _formKey),
      ],
    );
  }
}

class DateExample {
  // final: value assigned at runtime
  final DateTime createdAt = DateTime.now();

  // const: value known at compile time
  static const int maxItems = 100;
  static const String appName = 'MyApp';

  // ❌ Error: DateTime.now() not const (runtime value)
  // static const DateTime timestamp = DateTime.now();
}

void demonstrateDifference() {
  // final: each call can have different value
  final timestamp1 = DateTime.now();
  final timestamp2 = DateTime.now();
  print(timestamp1 == timestamp2); // false (different)

  // const: same instance reused
  const list1 = [1, 2, 3];
  const list2 = [1, 2, 3];
  print(identical(list1, list2)); // true (same instance)
}

class UserRepository {
  final ApiClient _client;

  UserRepository(this._client);

  // Future: promise of a future value
  Future<User> fetchUser(String id) async {
    try {
      // await suspends execution until resolution
      final response = await _client.get('/users/$id');
      return User.fromJson(response);
    } catch (e) {
      // Errors propagate normally with async/await
      throw UserNotFoundException(id);
    }
  }

  // Parallel execution with Future.wait
  Future<List<User>> fetchUsers(List<String> ids) async {
    // All requests start simultaneously
    final futures = ids.map((id) => fetchUser(id));
    // Wait for all to complete
    return Future.wait(futures);
  }

  // Sequential processing
  Future<void> processSequentially(List<String> ids) async {
    for (final id in ids) {
      // Each request waits for the previous one
      await fetchUser(id);
    }
  }
}

class MessageService {
  // StreamController manages creation and broadcasting
  final _messageController = StreamController<Message>.broadcast();

  // Expose only the Stream (not the Sink)
  Stream<Message> get messages => _messageController.stream;

  void addMessage(Message message) {
    _messageController.sink.add(message);
  }

  void dispose() {
    _messageController.close();
  }
}

// Usage with StreamBuilder
class MessageList extends StatelessWidget {
  final MessageService service;

  const MessageList({super.key, required this.service});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return StreamBuilder<Message>(
      stream: service.messages,
      builder: (context, snapshot) {
        // Handle all possible states
        if (snapshot.connectionState == ConnectionState.waiting) {
          return const CircularProgressIndicator();
        }
        if (snapshot.hasError) {
          return Text('Error: ${snapshot.error}');
        }
        if (!snapshot.hasData) {
          return const Text('No messages');
        }
        return MessageCard(message: snapshot.data!);
      },
    );
  }
}

// Riverpod: declarative and type-safe approach
final userProvider = FutureProvider.autoDispose<User>((ref) async {
  final repository = ref.watch(userRepositoryProvider);
  return repository.fetchCurrentUser();
});

class UserProfile extends ConsumerWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context, WidgetRef ref) {
    // AsyncValue handles loading/error/data
    final userAsync = ref.watch(userProvider);

    return userAsync.when(
      loading: () => const CircularProgressIndicator(),
      error: (error, stack) => Text('Error: $error'),
      data: (user) => Text(user.displayName),
    );
  }
}

// Bloc: explicit events/states separation
abstract class AuthEvent {}
class LoginRequested extends AuthEvent {
  final String email;
  final String password;
  LoginRequested(this.email, this.password);
}

abstract class AuthState {}
class AuthInitial extends AuthState {}
class AuthLoading extends AuthState {}
class AuthSuccess extends AuthState {
  final User user;
  AuthSuccess(this.user);
}
class AuthFailure extends AuthState {
  final String error;
  AuthFailure(this.error);
}

class AuthBloc extends Bloc<AuthEvent, AuthState> {
  AuthBloc() : super(AuthInitial()) {
    on<LoginRequested>(_onLoginRequested);
  }

  Future<void> _onLoginRequested(
    LoginRequested event,
    Emitter<AuthState> emit,
  ) async {
    emit(AuthLoading());
    try {
      final user = await _repository.login(event.email, event.password);
      emit(AuthSuccess(user));
    } catch (e) {
      emit(AuthFailure(e.toString()));
    }
  }
}

// Entity: pure business object, no framework dependency
class User {
  final String id;
  final String email;
  final String name;

  const User({
    required this.id,
    required this.email,
    required this.name,
  });
}

// domain/repositories/user_repository.dart
// Interface: abstract contract, implementation in Data
abstract class UserRepository {
  Future<User> getUser(String id);
  Future<void> updateUser(User user);
}

// domain/usecases/get_user_usecase.dart
// Use case: isolated business logic
class GetUserUseCase {
  final UserRepository _repository;

  GetUserUseCase(this._repository);

  Future<User> call(String userId) {
    return _repository.getUser(userId);
  }
}

// Concrete implementation with data sources
class UserRepositoryImpl implements UserRepository {
  final UserRemoteDataSource _remoteDataSource;
  final UserLocalDataSource _localDataSource;

  UserRepositoryImpl(this._remoteDataSource, this._localDataSource);

  @override
  Future<User> getUser(String id) async {
    try {
      // Try local cache first
      final cachedUser = await _localDataSource.getUser(id);
      if (cachedUser != null) return cachedUser;
    } catch (_) {}

    // Fallback to API
    final user = await _remoteDataSource.fetchUser(id);
    await _localDataSource.cacheUser(user);
    return user;
  }
}

// Provider definitions (dependencies)
final apiClientProvider = Provider<ApiClient>((ref) {
  return ApiClient(baseUrl: Environment.apiUrl);
});

final userRepositoryProvider = Provider<UserRepository>((ref) {
  // Automatically injects ApiClient
  final client = ref.watch(apiClientProvider);
  return UserRepositoryImpl(client);
});

final getUserUseCaseProvider = Provider<GetUserUseCase>((ref) {
  final repository = ref.watch(userRepositoryProvider);
  return GetUserUseCase(repository);
});

// Usage in a widget
class UserScreen extends ConsumerWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context, WidgetRef ref) {
    final getUserUseCase = ref.watch(getUserUseCaseProvider);
    // Use the use case...
  }
}

// Tests: easy dependency override
void main() {
  testWidgets('displays user', (tester) async {
    await tester.pumpWidget(
      ProviderScope(
        overrides: [
          // Replace with mock for tests
          userRepositoryProvider.overrideWithValue(MockUserRepository()),
        ],
        child: const MyApp(),
      ),
    );
  });
}

// ❌ Bad: everything rebuilds on each change
class BadExample extends ConsumerWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context, WidgetRef ref) {
    final user = ref.watch(userProvider);
    return Column(
      children: [
        Text(user.name),
        Text(user.email),
        const ExpensiveWidget(), // Rebuilds unnecessarily
      ],
    );
  }
}

// ✅ Good: selector to rebuild only if name changes
class GoodExample extends ConsumerWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context, WidgetRef ref) {
    // select: rebuilds only if name changes
    final name = ref.watch(userProvider.select((u) => u.name));
    return Text(name);
  }
}

// ✅ Good: splitting into smaller widgets
class OptimizedScreen extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Column(
      children: [
        const Header(), // Static, never rebuilds
        const UserNameWidget(), // Rebuilds if name changes
        const UserEmailWidget(), // Rebuilds if email changes
        const Footer(), // Static
      ],
    );
  }
}

class OptimizedList extends StatelessWidget {
  final List<Item> items;

  const OptimizedList({super.key, required this.items});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    // ✅ ListView.builder: builds on demand
    return ListView.builder(
      // Fixed height improves scrolling
      itemExtent: 72,
      itemCount: items.length,
      itemBuilder: (context, index) {
        return ItemTile(
          // Key to preserve state during scroll
          key: ValueKey(items[index].id),
          item: items[index],
        );
      },
    );
  }
}

// List widget with infinite loading
class InfiniteList extends ConsumerStatefulWidget {
  @override
  ConsumerState<InfiniteList> createState() => _InfiniteListState();
}

class _InfiniteListState extends ConsumerState<InfiniteList> {
  final _scrollController = ScrollController();

  @override
  void initState() {
    super.initState();
    _scrollController.addListener(_onScroll);
  }

  void _onScroll() {
    // Load more data near the end
    if (_scrollController.position.pixels >=
        _scrollController.position.maxScrollExtent - 200) {
      ref.read(itemsProvider.notifier).loadMore();
    }
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    final items = ref.watch(itemsProvider);
    return ListView.builder(
      controller: _scrollController,
      itemCount: items.length,
      itemBuilder: (context, index) => ItemTile(item: items[index]),
    );
  }
}

// Complex animations benefit from Impeller
class SmoothAnimation extends StatefulWidget {
  @override
  State<SmoothAnimation> createState() => _SmoothAnimationState();
}

class _SmoothAnimationState extends State<SmoothAnimation>
    with SingleTickerProviderStateMixin {
  late AnimationController _controller;

  @override
  void initState() {
    super.initState();
    _controller = AnimationController(
      duration: const Duration(seconds: 2),
      vsync: this,
    )..repeat();
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return AnimatedBuilder(
      animation: _controller,
      builder: (context, child) {
        // Impeller: no runtime shader compilation
        return Transform.rotate(
          angle: _controller.value * 2 * 3.14159,
          child: child,
        );
      },
      child: const FlutterLogo(size: 100),
    );
  }
}

final router = GoRouter(
  routes: [
    GoRoute(
      path: '/products/:productId',
      builder: (context, state) {
        // Extract URL parameter
        final productId = state.pathParameters['productId']!;
        return ProductScreen(productId: productId);
      },
    ),
    GoRoute(
      path: '/search',
      builder: (context, state) {
        // Query parameters (?query=flutter)
        final query = state.uri.queryParameters['query'] ?? '';
        return SearchScreen(initialQuery: query);
      },
    ),
  ],
);

// Programmatic navigation
void navigateToProduct(BuildContext context, String id) {
  // go: replaces navigation stack
  context.go('/products/$id');

  // push: adds to stack (allows back)
  context.push('/products/$id');

  // pushNamed with extra for complex data
  context.pushNamed(
    'productDetail',
    pathParameters: {'productId': id},
    extra: ProductData(id: id),
  );
}

class RegistrationForm extends StatefulWidget {
  @override
  State<RegistrationForm> createState() => _RegistrationFormState();
}

class _RegistrationFormState extends State<RegistrationForm> {
  final _formKey = GlobalKey<FormState>();
  final _emailController = TextEditingController();
  final _passwordController = TextEditingController();
  final _confirmController = TextEditingController();

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Form(
      key: _formKey,
      // Real-time validation
      autovalidateMode: AutovalidateMode.onUserInteraction,
      child: Column(
        children: [
          TextFormField(
            controller: _emailController,
            decoration: const InputDecoration(labelText: 'Email'),
            keyboardType: TextInputType.emailAddress,
            validator: _validateEmail,
          ),
          TextFormField(
            controller: _passwordController,
            decoration: const InputDecoration(labelText: 'Password'),
            obscureText: true,
            validator: _validatePassword,
          ),
          TextFormField(
            controller: _confirmController,
            decoration: const InputDecoration(labelText: 'Confirm'),
            obscureText: true,
            validator: _validateConfirmPassword,
          ),
          ElevatedButton(
            onPressed: _submit,
            child: const Text('Create account'),
          ),
        ],
      ),
    );
  }

  String? _validateEmail(String? value) {
    if (value == null || value.isEmpty) {
      return 'Email required';
    }
    final emailRegex = RegExp(r'^[\w-\.]+@([\w-]+\.)+[\w-]{2,4}$');
    if (!emailRegex.hasMatch(value)) {
      return 'Invalid email format';
    }
    return null;
  }

  String? _validatePassword(String? value) {
    if (value == null || value.length < 8) {
      return 'Minimum 8 characters';
    }
    if (!value.contains(RegExp(r'[A-Z]'))) {
      return 'At least one uppercase letter required';
    }
    if (!value.contains(RegExp(r'[0-9]'))) {
      return 'At least one number required';
    }
    return null;
  }

  String? _validateConfirmPassword(String? value) {
    if (value != _passwordController.text) {
      return 'Passwords do not match';
    }
    return null;
  }

  void _submit() {
    if (_formKey.currentState!.validate()) {
      // Form is valid, proceed
    }
  }
}

import 'package:flutter_test/flutter_test.dart';
import 'package:flutter_riverpod/flutter_riverpod.dart';

void main() {
  testWidgets('displays welcome message', (tester) async {
    // Arrange: build the widget
    await tester.pumpWidget(
      const ProviderScope(
        child: MaterialApp(
          home: WelcomeScreen(username: 'Alice'),
        ),
      ),
    );

    // Assert: verify content
    expect(find.text('Welcome, Alice'), findsOneWidget);
  });

  testWidgets('button increments counter', (tester) async {
    await tester.pumpWidget(
      const MaterialApp(home: CounterScreen()),
    );

    // Initial state
    expect(find.text('0'), findsOneWidget);

    // Act: tap the button
    await tester.tap(find.byType(ElevatedButton));
    await tester.pump(); // Rebuild after setState

    // Assert: counter incremented
    expect(find.text('1'), findsOneWidget);
  });

  testWidgets('form validates email', (tester) async {
    await tester.pumpWidget(
      const MaterialApp(home: LoginForm()),
    );

    // Enter invalid email
    await tester.enterText(
      find.byKey(const Key('email-field')),
      'invalid-email',
    );
    await tester.tap(find.byType(ElevatedButton));
    await tester.pump();

    // Verify error message
    expect(find.text('Invalid email format'), findsOneWidget);
  });
}

import 'package:flutter_riverpod/flutter_riverpod.dart';
import 'package:flutter_test/flutter_test.dart';
import 'package:mocktail/mocktail.dart';

// Repository mock
class MockUserRepository extends Mock implements UserRepository {}

void main() {
  late MockUserRepository mockRepository;
  late ProviderContainer container;

  setUp(() {
    mockRepository = MockUserRepository();
    container = ProviderContainer(
      overrides: [
        userRepositoryProvider.overrideWithValue(mockRepository),
      ],
    );
  });

  tearDown(() {
    container.dispose();
  });

  test('loads user from repository', () async {
    // Arrange
    final expectedUser = User(id: '1', name: 'Test');
    when(() => mockRepository.getUser('1'))
        .thenAnswer((_) async => expectedUser);

    // Act
    final user = await container.read(userProvider('1').future);

    // Assert
    expect(user, expectedUser);
    verify(() => mockRepository.getUser('1')).called(1);
  });

  test('handles repository error', () async {
    when(() => mockRepository.getUser(any()))
        .thenThrow(Exception('Network error'));

    expect(
      () => container.read(userProvider('1').future),
      throwsException,
    );
  });
}

enum Environment { dev, staging, prod }

class AppConfig {
  final Environment environment;
  final String apiUrl;
  final bool enableAnalytics;

  const AppConfig._({
    required this.environment,
    required this.apiUrl,
    required this.enableAnalytics,
  });

  // Predefined configurations
  static const dev = AppConfig._(
    environment: Environment.dev,
    apiUrl: 'https://api-dev.example.com',
    enableAnalytics: false,
  );

  static const staging = AppConfig._(
    environment: Environment.staging,
    apiUrl: 'https://api-staging.example.com',
    enableAnalytics: true,
  );

  static const prod = AppConfig._(
    environment: Environment.prod,
    apiUrl: 'https://api.example.com',
    enableAnalytics: true,
  );

  // Read from --dart-define
  static AppConfig fromEnvironment() {
    const env = String.fromEnvironment('ENV', defaultValue: 'dev');
    switch (env) {
      case 'prod':
        return prod;
      case 'staging':
        return staging;
      default:
        return dev;
    }
  }
}

# terminal
# Launch with specific environment
flutter run --dart-define=ENV=staging

# Production build
flutter build apk --dart-define=ENV=prod --release

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'config/flavor_config.dart';
import 'app.dart';

void main() {
  FlavorConfig(
    flavor: Flavor.client1,
    name: 'App Client 1',
    apiUrl: 'https://api.client1.com',
    primaryColor: Colors.blue,
  );
  runApp(const App());
}

// config/flavor_config.dart
enum Flavor { client1, client2, internal }

class FlavorConfig {
  final Flavor flavor;
  final String name;
  final String apiUrl;
  final Color primaryColor;

  // Singleton for global access
  static FlavorConfig? _instance;
  static FlavorConfig get instance => _instance!;

  FlavorConfig({
    required this.flavor,
    required this.name,
    required this.apiUrl,
    required this.primaryColor,
  }) {
    _instance = this;
  }

  bool get isProduction => flavor != Flavor.internal;
}

import 'package:flutter_secure_storage/flutter_secure_storage.dart';

class SecureStorage {
  // Encrypted storage for sensitive data
  final _storage = const FlutterSecureStorage(
    aOptions: AndroidOptions(encryptedSharedPreferences: true),
    iOptions: IOSOptions(accessibility: KeychainAccessibility.first_unlock),
  );

  Future<void> saveToken(String token) async {
    await _storage.write(key: 'auth_token', value: token);
  }

  Future<String?> getToken() async {
    return _storage.read(key: 'auth_token');
  }

  Future<void> deleteToken() async {
    await _storage.delete(key: 'auth_token');
  }
}

// Input validation
class InputValidator {
  // Injection prevention
  static String sanitize(String input) {
    return input
        .replaceAll(RegExp(r'[<>"' "'" r']'), '')
        .trim();
  }

  // Length validation
  static bool isValidLength(String input, int min, int max) {
    return input.length >= min && input.length <= max;
  }
}

// SSL pinning protection
class SecureApiClient {
  Dio createSecureClient() {
    final dio = Dio();
    // Add certificate pinning
    (dio.httpClientAdapter as IOHttpClientAdapter).createHttpClient = () {
      final client = HttpClient();
      client.badCertificateCallback = (cert, host, port) {
        // Verify certificate fingerprint
        return _isValidCertificate(cert);
      };
      return client;
    };
    return dio;
  }
}