Django 5.2 カスタムミドルウェアとシグナル処理：技術面接で差をつける実践ガイド

# middleware.py - Basic middleware structure
class SimpleMiddleware:
    def __init__(self, get_response):
        self.get_response = get_response
        # One-time configuration happens here at server start

    def __call__(self, request):
        # Code executed BEFORE the view (and later middleware)
        response = self.get_response(request)
        # Code executed AFTER the view (on the way back)
        return response

# apps/core/middleware.py
import logging
import time

logger = logging.getLogger('django.request')


class RequestLoggingMiddleware:
    def __init__(self, get_response):
        self.get_response = get_response

    def __call__(self, request):
        start_time = time.monotonic()
        # Attach metadata before view processing
        request.start_time = start_time

        response = self.get_response(request)

        duration = time.monotonic() - start_time
        logger.info(
            'method=%s path=%s status=%d duration=%.3fs ip=%s',
            request.method,
            request.get_full_path(),
            response.status_code,
            duration,
            request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR'),
        )
        return response

    def process_exception(self, request, exception):
        # Called only when the view raises an exception
        duration = time.monotonic() - getattr(request, 'start_time', 0)
        logger.error(
            'method=%s path=%s exception=%s duration=%.3fs',
            request.method,
            request.get_full_path(),
            str(exception),
            duration,
        )
        return None  # Let Django's default exception handling continue

# settings.py - Middleware ordering matters
MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    # Custom middleware placed after Django's core stack
    'apps.core.middleware.RequestLoggingMiddleware',
]

# apps/core/middleware.py
import asyncio
import time


class AsyncTimingMiddleware:
    # Mark this middleware as async-capable
    async_capable = True
    sync_capable = False

    def __init__(self, get_response):
        self.get_response = get_response

    async def __call__(self, request):
        start = time.monotonic()
        # get_response is awaitable in async context
        response = await self.get_response(request)
        duration = time.monotonic() - start
        response['X-Request-Duration'] = f'{duration:.4f}s'
        return response

# apps/accounts/signals.py
from django.db.models.signals import post_save
from django.dispatch import receiver
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
from apps.accounts.models import UserProfile

User = get_user_model()


@receiver(post_save, sender=User)
def create_user_profile(sender, instance, created, **kwargs):
    # 'created' is True only on INSERT, False on UPDATE
    if created:
        UserProfile.objects.create(
            user=instance,
            display_name=instance.get_full_name() or instance.username,
        )

# apps/blog/signals.py
from django.db.models.signals import pre_save
from django.dispatch import receiver
from django.utils.text import slugify
from apps.blog.models import Article


@receiver(pre_save, sender=Article)
def auto_generate_slug(sender, instance, **kwargs):
    if not instance.slug:
        base_slug = slugify(instance.title)
        slug = base_slug
        counter = 1
        # Ensure slug uniqueness
        while Article.objects.filter(slug=slug).exclude(pk=instance.pk).exists():
            slug = f'{base_slug}-{counter}'
            counter += 1
        instance.slug = slug

# apps/accounts/apps.py
from django.apps import AppConfig


class AccountsConfig(AppConfig):
    default_auto_field = 'django.db.models.BigAutoField'
    name = 'apps.accounts'

    def ready(self):
        # Import signals module to register receivers
        import apps.accounts.signals  # noqa: F401

# apps/orders/signals.py
from django.dispatch import Signal

# Define custom signals with documentation
order_completed = Signal()  # Sent after payment confirmation
order_refunded = Signal()   # Sent after refund processing


# apps/orders/services.py
from apps.orders.signals import order_completed


def complete_order(order):
    order.status = 'completed'
    order.save()
    # Dispatch signal with relevant context
    order_completed.send(
        sender=order.__class__,
        order=order,
        total=order.total_amount,
    )


# apps/notifications/receivers.py
from django.dispatch import receiver
from apps.orders.signals import order_completed


@receiver(order_completed)
def send_order_confirmation_email(sender, order, **kwargs):
    # Email logic decoupled from order processing
    from apps.notifications.services import send_email
    send_email(
        to=order.customer.email,
        template='order_confirmation',
        context={'order': order},
    )