2026年版 C# LINQ上級ガイド：演算子、パフォーマンス最適化、面接対策

var numbers = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };

// Query is defined but not executed
var query = numbers.Where(n => n > 2);

// Adding an element after query definition
numbers.Add(6);

// Execution happens here, includes 6
foreach (var n in query)
{
    Console.WriteLine(n); // Output: 3, 4, 5, 6
}

public record Order(int Id, string Customer, decimal Amount, DateTime Date);

var orders = GetOrders();

// Group by customer with monthly breakdown
var customerMonthlyTotals = orders
    .GroupBy(
        o => new { o.Customer, Month = new DateTime(o.Date.Year, o.Date.Month, 1) },
        (key, group) => new
        {
            key.Customer,
            key.Month,
            Total = group.Sum(o => o.Amount),
            OrderCount = group.Count()
        })
    .OrderBy(x => x.Customer)
    .ThenBy(x => x.Month);

// Output: Customer "Acme" spent $12,500 across 8 orders in August 2026

public record Category(string Name, List<Product> Products);
public record Product(string Name, decimal Price);

var categories = GetCategories();

// Flatten all products with their category names
var allProducts = categories
    .SelectMany(
        category => category.Products,
        (category, product) => new
        {
            CategoryName = category.Name,
            ProductName = product.Name,
            product.Price
        });

// Filter after flattening
var expensiveProducts = allProducts
    .Where(p => p.Price > 100)
    .OrderByDescending(p => p.Price);

var productsWithCategories =
    from category in categories
    from product in category.Products
    where product.Price > 100
    select new { category.Name, product };

IEnumerable<Order> GetExpensiveOrders(IEnumerable<Order> orders)
{
    var filtered = orders.Where(o => o.Amount > 1000);
    
    // WARNING: Enumerates twice if orders is not materialized
    if (!filtered.Any())
        return Enumerable.Empty<Order>();
    
    return filtered.OrderBy(o => o.Date);
}

IEnumerable<Order> GetExpensiveOrders(IEnumerable<Order> orders)
{
    var filtered = orders.Where(o => o.Amount > 1000).ToList();
    
    if (filtered.Count == 0)
        return Enumerable.Empty<Order>();
    
    return filtered.OrderBy(o => o.Date);
}

var transactions = new List<Transaction>
{
    new("Deposit", 1000),
    new("Withdrawal", -200),
    new("Deposit", 500),
    new("Fee", -25)
};

// Running balance with audit trail
var balanceHistory = transactions.Aggregate(
    new List<(string Op, decimal Balance)>(),
    (history, tx) =>
    {
        var previousBalance = history.Count > 0 ? history[^1].Balance : 0;
        history.Add((tx.Type, previousBalance + tx.Amount));
        return history;
    });

// Output: [(Deposit, 1000), (Withdrawal, 800), (Deposit, 1300), (Fee, 1275)]

using var context = new AppDbContext();

// BAD: Loads all orders, filters in memory
var badQuery = context.Orders
    .ToList()
    .Where(o => o.Amount > 1000);

// GOOD: Filters in database, loads only matching rows
var goodQuery = context.Orders
    .Where(o => o.Amount > 1000)
    .ToList();

// Expression tree, translates to SQL WHERE clause
IQueryable<Order> dbQuery = context.Orders.Where(o => o.Amount > 1000);

// Delegate, executes in C# memory
IEnumerable<Order> memoryQuery = orders.Where(o => o.Amount > 1000);

var emails = new[] { "a@test.com", "b@test.com", "a@test.com", "c@test.com" };

var duplicates = emails
    .GroupBy(e => e, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
    .Where(g => g.Count() > 1)
    .Select(g => g.Key);

// Output: ["a@test.com"]

public IEnumerable<Product> GetProductsPage(int pageNumber, int pageSize)
{
    return context.Products
        .OrderBy(p => p.Id)
        .Skip((pageNumber - 1) * pageSize)
        .Take(pageSize)
        .ToList();
}

public IEnumerable<CustomerReport> GenerateReports(IEnumerable<Order> orders)
{
    var ordersByCustomer = GroupOrdersByCustomer(orders);
    var reportsWithMetrics = CalculateCustomerMetrics(ordersByCustomer);
    return ApplyBusinessRules(reportsWithMetrics);
}

private IEnumerable<IGrouping<string, Order>> GroupOrdersByCustomer(
    IEnumerable<Order> orders)
{
    return orders
        .Where(o => o.Status == OrderStatus.Completed)
        .GroupBy(o => o.CustomerId);
}

private IEnumerable<CustomerReport> CalculateCustomerMetrics(
    IEnumerable<IGrouping<string, Order>> groups)
{
    return groups.Select(g => new CustomerReport
    {
        CustomerId = g.Key,
        TotalSpent = g.Sum(o => o.Amount),
        OrderCount = g.Count(),
        AverageOrderValue = g.Average(o => o.Amount)
    });
}