# Spring Modulith: Modulaire Monoliet-architectuur Uitgelegd

> Leer Spring Modulith om modulaire monolieten in Java te bouwen. Architectuur, modules, async events en testen met Spring Boot 3 voorbeelden.

- Published: 2026-03-23
- Updated: 2026-05-03
- Author: SharpSkill
- Tags: spring modulith, modular architecture, spring boot, java, modular monolith
- Reading time: 18 min

---

Spring Modulith biedt een pragmatische aanpak om Spring Boot-applicaties op te delen in samenhangende business-modules. Deze architectuur plaatst de modulaire monoliet tussen de traditionele monoliet en microservices, en levert sterke modulariteit zonder de operationele complexiteit van gedistribueerde systemen.

> **Belangrijke Inzicht**
>
> Spring Modulith formaliseert best practices van hexagonale architectuur en Domain-Driven Design direct in Spring Boot, met automatische verificatie van dependencies tussen modules.

## Waarom Kiezen voor een Modulaire Monoliet?

### Het Probleem van de Klassieke Monoliet

Traditionele monolieten lijden onder buitensporige koppeling tussen componenten. In de loop der tijd stapelen kruisafhankelijkheden zich op en veranderen de applicatie in een onhoudbare "big ball of mud". Een wijziging in de facturatiemodule raakt de gebruikersmodule en vervolgens de notificatiemodule, met onvoorspelbare neveneffecten.

```java
// AntiPattern.java
// Direct coupling between modules - AVOID THIS
@Service
public class OrderService {

    // Direct dependencies to other modules
    // Creates tight coupling and dependency cycles
    private final UserRepository userRepository;
    private final InventoryService inventoryService;
    private final PaymentProcessor paymentProcessor;
    private final NotificationService notificationService;
    private final ShippingCalculator shippingCalculator;

    public OrderService(UserRepository userRepository,
                        InventoryService inventoryService,
                        PaymentProcessor paymentProcessor,
                        NotificationService notificationService,
                        ShippingCalculator shippingCalculator) {
        this.userRepository = userRepository;
        this.inventoryService = inventoryService;
        this.paymentProcessor = paymentProcessor;
        this.notificationService = notificationService;
        this.shippingCalculator = shippingCalculator;
    }

    public Order createOrder(OrderRequest request) {
        // This service knows too many implementation details
        User user = userRepository.findById(request.userId()).orElseThrow();
        inventoryService.reserveItems(request.items());
        BigDecimal shipping = shippingCalculator.calculate(user.getAddress());
        paymentProcessor.charge(user, request.total().add(shipping));
        notificationService.sendOrderConfirmation(user, request);
        // ...
        return null;
    }
}
```

Dit patroon levert concrete problemen op: broze integratietests, moeite om de impact van een wijziging te beoordelen en de onmogelijkheid om een module onafhankelijk uit te rollen of te laten evolueren.

### Microservices Zijn Niet Altijd het Antwoord

Microservices lossen het koppelingsprobleem op, maar introduceren aanzienlijke operationele complexiteit: netwerkcommunicatie, eventual consistency, gedistribueerde deploys, observability over meerdere services. Voor veel teams weegt deze complexiteit niet op tegen de voordelen.

De modulaire monoliet biedt een alternatief: één deploy-eenheid met duidelijk gedefinieerde en afgedwongen modulegrenzen. Spring Modulith automatiseert het controleren van die grenzen.

## Aan de Slag met Spring Modulith

### Projectconfiguratie

Spring Modulith integreren in een Spring Boot 3-project vereist enkele Maven-dependencies. De hoofdstarter activeert automatische moduledetectie.

```xml
<!-- pom.xml -->
<!-- Spring Modulith dependencies for Spring Boot 3.2+ -->
<dependencies>
    <!-- Core Spring Modulith -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.modulith</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-modulith-starter-core</artifactId>
    </dependency>

    <!-- Async event support with persistence -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.modulith</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-modulith-starter-jpa</artifactId>
    </dependency>

    <!-- Module structure tests -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.modulith</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-modulith-starter-test</artifactId>
        <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>

    <!-- Automatic documentation generation -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.modulith</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-modulith-docs</artifactId>
        <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

<dependencyManagement>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.modulith</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-modulith-bom</artifactId>
            <version>1.3.0</version>
            <type>pom</type>
            <scope>import</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
```

### Modulestructuur

Spring Modulith detecteert modules automatisch op basis van de directe packages onder het hoofdpackage van de applicatie. Elk subpackage vormt een aparte module met eigen verantwoordelijkheden.

```
com.example.shop/
├── ShopApplication.java        # Spring Boot entry point
├── order/                       # Order Module
│   ├── Order.java              # Public entity (module API)
│   ├── OrderService.java       # Public service
│   ├── internal/               # Module-internal package
│   │   ├── OrderRepository.java
│   │   └── OrderValidator.java
│   └── OrderCreatedEvent.java  # Published event
├── inventory/                   # Inventory Module
│   ├── InventoryService.java
│   ├── Product.java
│   └── internal/
│       └── StockRepository.java
├── customer/                    # Customer Module
│   ├── Customer.java
│   ├── CustomerService.java
│   └── internal/
│       └── CustomerRepository.java
└── notification/                # Notification Module
    ├── NotificationService.java
    └── internal/
        └── EmailSender.java
```

Deze conventie legt een fundamentele regel vast: alleen klassen in het rootpackage van de module (niet in `internal/`) vormen de publieke API die toegankelijk is voor andere modules.

```java
// Order.java
// Public entity of Order module - accessible from other modules
package com.example.shop.order;

import jakarta.persistence.*;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.util.UUID;

@Entity
@Table(name = "orders")
public class Order {

    @Id
    private UUID id;

    // Reference by ID rather than entity
    // Avoids direct coupling with Customer module
    private UUID customerId;

    private BigDecimal totalAmount;

    @Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)
    private OrderStatus status;

    private LocalDateTime createdAt;

    protected Order() {
        // JPA constructor
    }

    public Order(UUID customerId, BigDecimal totalAmount) {
        this.id = UUID.randomUUID();
        this.customerId = customerId;
        this.totalAmount = totalAmount;
        this.status = OrderStatus.PENDING;
        this.createdAt = LocalDateTime.now();
    }

    // Public getters - part of module API
    public UUID getId() { return id; }
    public UUID getCustomerId() { return customerId; }
    public BigDecimal getTotalAmount() { return totalAmount; }
    public OrderStatus getStatus() { return status; }
    public LocalDateTime getCreatedAt() { return createdAt; }

    // Encapsulated business methods
    void confirm() {
        if (this.status != OrderStatus.PENDING) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Only pending orders can be confirmed");
        }
        this.status = OrderStatus.CONFIRMED;
    }
}
```

```java
// OrderRepository.java
// Internal repository - NOT accessible from other modules
package com.example.shop.order.internal;

import com.example.shop.order.Order;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
import java.util.UUID;

// This repository is in the internal package
// Spring Modulith prohibits access from other modules
interface OrderRepository extends JpaRepository<Order, UUID> {

    // Methods specific to the Order module
    List<Order> findByCustomerIdAndStatus(UUID customerId, OrderStatus status);
}
```

Het repository blijft intern, omdat data-toegang via de publieke service moet verlopen, wat de inkapseling van de business-logica garandeert.

> **Naamgevingsconventie**
>
> Het package `internal` heeft niets magisch voor Java. Het is een conventie die Spring Modulith herkent en automatisch tijdens tests verifieert. Elke overtreding levert een expliciete fout op.

## Communicatie Tussen Modules

### Domain Events

Communicatie tussen modules verloopt via domain events in plaats van directe aanroepen. Dit patroon ontkoppelt zendende modules van ontvangende modules.

```java
// OrderCreatedEvent.java
// Event published by Order module
package com.example.shop.order;

import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.util.UUID;

// Immutable record representing the event
// Contains only information needed by consumers
public record OrderCreatedEvent(
    UUID orderId,
    UUID customerId,
    BigDecimal totalAmount,
    LocalDateTime createdAt
) {
    // Factory method to create event from entity
    public static OrderCreatedEvent from(Order order) {
        return new OrderCreatedEvent(
            order.getId(),
            order.getCustomerId(),
            order.getTotalAmount(),
            order.getCreatedAt()
        );
    }
}
```

```java
// OrderService.java
// Public service that publishes events
package com.example.shop.order;

import com.example.shop.order.internal.OrderRepository;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationEventPublisher;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.util.UUID;

@Service
@Transactional
public class OrderService {

    private final OrderRepository orderRepository;
    private final ApplicationEventPublisher eventPublisher;

    public OrderService(OrderRepository orderRepository,
                        ApplicationEventPublisher eventPublisher) {
        this.orderRepository = orderRepository;
        this.eventPublisher = eventPublisher;
    }

    public Order createOrder(UUID customerId, BigDecimal amount) {
        // Create the order
        Order order = new Order(customerId, amount);
        order = orderRepository.save(order);

        // Publish the event
        // Interested modules will react asynchronously
        eventPublisher.publishEvent(OrderCreatedEvent.from(order));

        return order;
    }

    public Order confirmOrder(UUID orderId) {
        Order order = orderRepository.findById(orderId)
            .orElseThrow(() -> new OrderNotFoundException(orderId));

        order.confirm();

        // Confirmation event
        eventPublisher.publishEvent(new OrderConfirmedEvent(
            order.getId(),
            order.getCustomerId()
        ));

        return order;
    }
}
```

Andere modules consumeren deze events zonder de implementatiedetails van de Order-module te kennen.

```java
// NotificationEventListener.java
// Notification module consuming Order events
package com.example.shop.notification.internal;

import com.example.shop.order.OrderCreatedEvent;
import com.example.shop.order.OrderConfirmedEvent;
import org.springframework.modulith.events.ApplicationModuleListener;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

@Component
class NotificationEventListener {

    private final EmailSender emailSender;
    private final CustomerLookup customerLookup;

    NotificationEventListener(EmailSender emailSender,
                               CustomerLookup customerLookup) {
        this.emailSender = emailSender;
        this.customerLookup = customerLookup;
    }

    // @ApplicationModuleListener guarantees async processing
    // and event persistence for retry on failure
    @ApplicationModuleListener
    void onOrderCreated(OrderCreatedEvent event) {
        // Retrieve email via local interface
        // Avoids direct dependency on Customer module
        String email = customerLookup.getEmailByCustomerId(event.customerId());

        emailSender.send(
            email,
            "Order Received",
            "Your order #%s has been received.".formatted(event.orderId())
        );
    }

    @ApplicationModuleListener
    void onOrderConfirmed(OrderConfirmedEvent event) {
        String email = customerLookup.getEmailByCustomerId(event.customerId());

        emailSender.send(
            email,
            "Order Confirmed",
            "Your order #%s is confirmed and being prepared."
                .formatted(event.orderId())
        );
    }
}
```

### Persistente en Asynchrone Events

Spring Modulith biedt een krachtige feature: het persisteren van events. Events worden opgeslagen in de database vóór publicatie, wat verwerking garandeert zelfs bij een applicatiecrash.

```java
// EventPublicationConfig.java
// Persisted events configuration
package com.example.shop.config;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.modulith.events.config.EnablePersistentDomainEvents;
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.EnableAsync;

@Configuration
@EnableAsync
@EnablePersistentDomainEvents  // Enables event persistence
public class EventPublicationConfig {

    // Spring Modulith automatically creates required tables
    // EVENT_PUBLICATION stores pending events
    // Processed events are marked as completed
}
```

```java
// InventoryEventListener.java
// Listener with transactional event handling
package com.example.shop.inventory.internal;

import com.example.shop.order.OrderCreatedEvent;
import com.example.shop.order.OrderCancelledEvent;
import org.springframework.modulith.events.ApplicationModuleListener;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;

@Component
class InventoryEventListener {

    private final StockRepository stockRepository;

    InventoryEventListener(StockRepository stockRepository) {
        this.stockRepository = stockRepository;
    }

    // Transactional processing - if exception thrown,
    // event will be retried automatically
    @ApplicationModuleListener
    @Transactional
    void onOrderCreated(OrderCreatedEvent event) {
        // Reserve stock for this order
        // On failure, event remains in EVENT_PUBLICATION
        // and will be reprocessed in next cycle
        reserveStockForOrder(event.orderId(), event.items());
    }

    @ApplicationModuleListener
    @Transactional
    void onOrderCancelled(OrderCancelledEvent event) {
        // Release reserved stock
        releaseStockForOrder(event.orderId());
    }

    private void reserveStockForOrder(UUID orderId, List<OrderItem> items) {
        for (OrderItem item : items) {
            Stock stock = stockRepository.findByProductId(item.productId())
                .orElseThrow(() -> new StockNotFoundException(item.productId()));

            stock.reserve(item.quantity());
            stockRepository.save(stock);
        }
    }

    private void releaseStockForOrder(UUID orderId) {
        // Stock release implementation
    }
}
```

De tabel `EVENT_PUBLICATION` wordt automatisch aangemaakt door Spring Modulith:

```sql
-- EVENT_PUBLICATION table structure (PostgreSQL)
CREATE TABLE event_publication (
    id UUID PRIMARY KEY,
    listener_id VARCHAR(512) NOT NULL,
    event_type VARCHAR(512) NOT NULL,
    serialized_event TEXT NOT NULL,
    publication_date TIMESTAMP NOT NULL,
    completion_date TIMESTAMP
);

-- Index for retry queries
CREATE INDEX idx_event_publication_incomplete
ON event_publication (completion_date)
WHERE completion_date IS NULL;
```

### Geëxposeerde Interfaces Tussen Modules

Wanneer een module informatie uit een andere nodig heeft zonder een event te gebruiken, maakt een publieke interface in de bronmodule minimale koppeling mogelijk.

```java
// CustomerLookup.java
// Public interface of Customer module
package com.example.shop.customer;

import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.UUID;

// Interface exposed to other modules
// Defines contract without exposing implementation details
public interface CustomerLookup {

    Optional<String> findEmailById(UUID customerId);

    boolean exists(UUID customerId);

    // Specific DTO for shared information
    Optional<CustomerInfo> findInfoById(UUID customerId);

    record CustomerInfo(
        UUID id,
        String email,
        String fullName,
        String preferredLanguage
    ) {}
}
```

```java
// CustomerLookupImpl.java
// Internal implementation
package com.example.shop.customer.internal;

import com.example.shop.customer.CustomerLookup;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.UUID;

@Component
class CustomerLookupImpl implements CustomerLookup {

    private final CustomerRepository customerRepository;

    CustomerLookupImpl(CustomerRepository customerRepository) {
        this.customerRepository = customerRepository;
    }

    @Override
    public Optional<String> findEmailById(UUID customerId) {
        return customerRepository.findById(customerId)
            .map(Customer::getEmail);
    }

    @Override
    public boolean exists(UUID customerId) {
        return customerRepository.existsById(customerId);
    }

    @Override
    public Optional<CustomerInfo> findInfoById(UUID customerId) {
        return customerRepository.findById(customerId)
            .map(customer -> new CustomerInfo(
                customer.getId(),
                customer.getEmail(),
                customer.getFullName(),
                customer.getPreferredLanguage()
            ));
    }
}
```

Deze aanpak laat de Notification-module klantgegevens benaderen zonder direct van het repository of de Customer-entity af te hangen.

## Tests op Modulestructuur

### Automatische Verificatie van Dependencies

Spring Modulith levert testtools om te valideren of architectuurregels worden nageleefd. Deze tests falen zodra een module de interne klassen van een andere benadert.

```java
// ModularityTests.java
// Modular architecture verification tests
package com.example.shop;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.modulith.core.ApplicationModules;
import org.springframework.modulith.docs.Documenter;

class ModularityTests {

    // Load application module structure
    private final ApplicationModules modules = ApplicationModules.of(ShopApplication.class);

    @Test
    void verifyModularStructure() {
        // Verify all modules are correctly structured
        // Fails if a module accesses internal packages of another
        modules.verify();
    }

    @Test
    void printModuleOverview() {
        // Print module structure to console
        // Useful for understanding dependencies
        modules.forEach(System.out::println);
    }

    @Test
    void createModuleDocumentation() {
        // Generate automatic module documentation
        // Includes dependency diagrams
        new Documenter(modules)
            .writeModulesAsPlantUml()
            .writeIndividualModulesAsPlantUml();
    }

    @Test
    void detectCyclicDependencies() {
        // The verify() method also detects cycles
        // Module A → Module B → Module C → Module A = failure
        modules.verify();
    }
}
```

Het uitvoeren van `modules.verify()` analyseert de bytecode en detecteert:
- Toegang tot `internal`-packages vanuit andere modules
- Cyclische afhankelijkheden tussen modules
- Overtredingen van de inkapselingsregels

### Integratietests per Module

Spring Modulith maakt het mogelijk elke module geïsoleerd te testen door alleen de noodzakelijke beans te laden.

```java
// OrderModuleIntegrationTests.java
// Order module integration test in isolation
package com.example.shop.order;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.modulith.test.ApplicationModuleTest;
import org.springframework.modulith.test.Scenario;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.util.UUID;

import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;

@ApplicationModuleTest  // Load only Order module and its dependencies
class OrderModuleIntegrationTests {

    @Autowired
    private OrderService orderService;

    @Test
    void shouldCreateOrder() {
        // Given
        UUID customerId = UUID.randomUUID();
        BigDecimal amount = new BigDecimal("99.99");

        // When
        Order order = orderService.createOrder(customerId, amount);

        // Then
        assertThat(order.getId()).isNotNull();
        assertThat(order.getCustomerId()).isEqualTo(customerId);
        assertThat(order.getStatus()).isEqualTo(OrderStatus.PENDING);
    }

    @Test
    void shouldPublishEventOnOrderCreation(Scenario scenario) {
        // Given
        UUID customerId = UUID.randomUUID();

        // When / Then - verify event is published
        scenario.stimulate(() -> orderService.createOrder(customerId, BigDecimal.TEN))
            .andWaitForEventOfType(OrderCreatedEvent.class)
            .matching(event -> event.customerId().equals(customerId))
            .toArriveAndVerify(event -> {
                assertThat(event.orderId()).isNotNull();
                assertThat(event.totalAmount()).isEqualTo(BigDecimal.TEN);
            });
    }

    @Test
    void shouldHandleOrderConfirmation(Scenario scenario) {
        // Given - create an order
        Order order = orderService.createOrder(UUID.randomUUID(), BigDecimal.TEN);

        // When / Then - confirm and verify event
        scenario.stimulate(() -> orderService.confirmOrder(order.getId()))
            .andWaitForEventOfType(OrderConfirmedEvent.class)
            .toArriveAndVerify(event -> {
                assertThat(event.orderId()).isEqualTo(order.getId());
            });
    }
}
```

De annotatie `@ApplicationModuleTest` configureert automatisch:
- Het laden van alleen de beans van de Order-module
- Mocks voor afhankelijkheden naar andere modules
- De testinfrastructuur voor events

```java
// OrderNotificationIntegrationTest.java
// Inter-module integration test
package com.example.shop;

import com.example.shop.order.OrderService;
import com.example.shop.order.OrderCreatedEvent;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.modulith.test.ApplicationModuleTest;
import org.springframework.modulith.test.Scenario;
import org.springframework.modulith.test.ApplicationModuleTest.BootstrapMode;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.util.UUID;

// DIRECT loads all directly dependent modules
@ApplicationModuleTest(BootstrapMode.DIRECT)
class OrderNotificationIntegrationTest {

    @Autowired
    private OrderService orderService;

    @Test
    void shouldTriggerNotificationOnOrderCreated(Scenario scenario) {
        // This test verifies Order → Notification integration
        UUID customerId = UUID.randomUUID();

        scenario.stimulate(() -> orderService.createOrder(customerId, BigDecimal.TEN))
            .andWaitForEventOfType(OrderCreatedEvent.class)
            .toArriveAndVerify(event -> {
                // Event was processed by NotificationEventListener
                // Test verifies email was sent
            });
    }
}
```

> **Test-isolatie**
>
> Gebruik `BootstrapMode.STANDALONE` (standaard) voor module-unittests. Reserveer `BootstrapMode.ALL_DEPENDENCIES` voor end-to-end integratietests om verborgen afhankelijkheden te vermijden.

## Geavanceerde Moduleconfiguratie

### Expliciete Modules met @ApplicationModule

Voor complexe gevallen biedt de annotatie `@ApplicationModule` de mogelijkheid om de regels van een module expliciet te configureren.

```java
// package-info.java
// Explicit Order module configuration
@org.springframework.modulith.ApplicationModule(
    // Modules allowed to depend on this one
    allowedDependencies = {"customer", "inventory"},
    // Module type: OPEN (free access) or CLOSED (explicit API)
    type = Type.CLOSED
)
package com.example.shop.order;

import org.springframework.modulith.ApplicationModule.Type;
```

```java
// NamedInterface.java
// Named interface definition for finer API control
package com.example.shop.order;

import org.springframework.modulith.NamedInterface;

// Exposes only certain classes as public API
@NamedInterface("order-api")
public class OrderApi {
    // Classes in this package are accessible via "order-api"
}
```

```java
// package-info.java
// Module depending on a specific named interface
@org.springframework.modulith.ApplicationModule(
    allowedDependencies = "order::order-api"  // Access limited to named API
)
package com.example.shop.shipping;
```

### Omgaan met Circulaire Afhankelijkheden

Circulaire afhankelijkheden tussen modules wijzen meestal op een ontwerpprobleem. Spring Modulith detecteert ze en laat de verificatie falen. De oplossing bestaat doorgaans uit het extraheren van een nieuwe module of het inzetten van events.

```java
// BEFORE - Circular dependency
// Order → Inventory (to check stock)
// Inventory → Order (to know current orders)

// AFTER - Resolution through events
// Order publishes OrderCreatedEvent
// Inventory listens and reserves stock
// Inventory publishes StockReservedEvent
// Order listens and confirms availability
```

```java
// StockReservedEvent.java
// Event published by Inventory
package com.example.shop.inventory;

import java.util.UUID;

public record StockReservedEvent(
    UUID orderId,
    UUID productId,
    int quantity,
    boolean success,
    String failureReason
) {}
```

```java
// OrderStockListener.java
// Order module listens to Inventory events
package com.example.shop.order.internal;

import com.example.shop.inventory.StockReservedEvent;
import org.springframework.modulith.events.ApplicationModuleListener;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

@Component
class OrderStockListener {

    private final OrderRepository orderRepository;

    OrderStockListener(OrderRepository orderRepository) {
        this.orderRepository = orderRepository;
    }

    @ApplicationModuleListener
    void onStockReserved(StockReservedEvent event) {
        Order order = orderRepository.findById(event.orderId())
            .orElseThrow();

        if (event.success()) {
            order.markStockReserved();
        } else {
            order.markStockUnavailable(event.failureReason());
        }

        orderRepository.save(order);
    }
}
```

## Observability en Monitoring

### Event Tracing

Spring Modulith integreert met Micrometer voor distributed tracing van events tussen modules.

```java
// ObservabilityConfig.java
// Module observability configuration
package com.example.shop.config;

import io.micrometer.observation.ObservationRegistry;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.modulith.observability.ModuleEventListener;

@Configuration
public class ObservabilityConfig {

    @Bean
    ModuleEventListener moduleEventListener(ObservationRegistry registry) {
        // Adds spans for each processed event
        return new ModuleEventListener(registry);
    }
}
```

```yaml
# application.yml
# Observability configuration
management:
  tracing:
    sampling:
      probability: 1.0  # Trace all events in dev
  endpoints:
    web:
      exposure:
        include: health,info,metrics,modulith

spring:
  modulith:
    events:
      # Retry interval for failed events
      republish-outstanding-events-on-restart: true
      # Retention duration for completed events
      completion-mode: DELETE  # or ARCHIVE
```

### Module Actuator Endpoint

Spring Modulith stelt een Actuator-endpoint beschikbaar om de status van modules in productie zichtbaar te maken.

```java
// ModulithActuatorConfig.java
// Actuator endpoint activation
package com.example.shop.config;

import org.springframework.boot.actuate.autoconfigure.endpoint.condition.ConditionalOnAvailableEndpoint;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.modulith.actuator.ApplicationModulesEndpoint;
import org.springframework.modulith.core.ApplicationModules;

@Configuration
public class ModulithActuatorConfig {

    @Bean
    @ConditionalOnAvailableEndpoint
    ApplicationModulesEndpoint modulesEndpoint(ApplicationModules modules) {
        return new ApplicationModulesEndpoint(modules);
    }
}
```

Het endpoint `/actuator/modulith` retourneert:

```json
{
  "modules": [
    {
      "name": "order",
      "basePackage": "com.example.shop.order",
      "dependencies": ["customer"],
      "publishedEvents": [
        "com.example.shop.order.OrderCreatedEvent",
        "com.example.shop.order.OrderConfirmedEvent"
      ],
      "listenedEvents": [
        "com.example.shop.inventory.StockReservedEvent"
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "inventory",
      "basePackage": "com.example.shop.inventory",
      "dependencies": [],
      "publishedEvents": [
        "com.example.shop.inventory.StockReservedEvent"
      ],
      "listenedEvents": [
        "com.example.shop.order.OrderCreatedEvent"
      ]
    }
  ]
}
```

## Migratie naar Microservices

### Voorbereiden van de Extractie

De modulaire architectuur vergemakkelijkt een toekomstige extractie naar microservices. Elke module wordt een natuurlijke kandidaat voor extractie.

```java
// ExtractionReadinessChecker.java
// Extraction readiness verification
package com.example.shop;

import org.springframework.modulith.core.ApplicationModules;
import org.springframework.modulith.core.ApplicationModule;

public class ExtractionReadinessChecker {

    public void checkModule(String moduleName) {
        ApplicationModules modules = ApplicationModules.of(ShopApplication.class);
        ApplicationModule module = modules.getModuleByName(moduleName)
            .orElseThrow();

        System.out.println("Module: " + moduleName);
        System.out.println("Dependencies: " + module.getDependencies());
        System.out.println("Published Events: " + module.getPublishedEvents());
        System.out.println("Listened Events: " + module.getBootstrapDependencies());

        // A module ready for extraction:
        // - Communicates only through events
        // - Has no synchronous dependencies to other modules
        // - Owns its own data tables
    }
}
```

Modules die uitsluitend via events communiceren, kunnen met minimale aanpassingen naar microservices worden geëxtraheerd: het volstaat om de lokale event bus te vervangen door een message broker (Kafka, RabbitMQ).

## Conclusie

Spring Modulith biedt een pragmatische oplossing om monolithische Spring Boot-applicaties te structureren:

✅ **Structuur per conventie**: packages = modules, `internal` = inkapseling

✅ **Ontkoppelde communicatie**: domain events tussen modules

✅ **Automatische verificatie**: structuurtests die overtredingen detecteren

✅ **Persistente events**: verwerkingsgarantie met `@ApplicationModuleListener`

✅ **Geïsoleerde tests**: `@ApplicationModuleTest` om elke module te valideren

✅ **Gegenereerde documentatie**: automatische PlantUML-diagrammen

✅ **Observability**: Micrometer-integratie en Actuator-endpoint

✅ **Pad naar microservices**: extractie vergemakkelijkt door ontkoppeling

Deze architectuur past vooral bij teams die hun monoliet willen structureren zonder de operationele complexiteit van microservices, en die de optie willen behouden om later naar een gedistribueerde architectuur te evolueren.

---

Source: SharpSkill (https://sharpskill.dev), tech interview preparation for your real stack.
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