# Top 30 React-sollicitatievragen (2026)

> De 30 belangrijkste React-sollicitatievragen met gedetailleerde antwoorden, codevoorbeelden en moderne patronen voor een effectieve voorbereiding.

- Published: 2026-01-31
- Updated: 2026-04-21
- Author: SharpSkill
- Tags: react interview, frontend interview, react questions, javascript, technical interview
- Reading time: 18 min

---

Bij technische sollicitatiegesprekken over React wordt het begrip van de fundamentele concepten, de geavanceerde patronen en de beste praktijken getoetst. Deze gids bundelt de 30 vragen die het vaakst voorbijkomen, met uitgewerkte antwoorden en codevoorbeelden voor een doelgerichte voorbereiding.

> **Voorbereidingsadvies**
>
> Deze vragen zijn geordend op moeilijkheidsgraad. Het beheersen van de basis voordat de geavanceerde onderwerpen aan bod komen, zorgt voor een gestructureerdere voorbereiding.

## Fundamenten van React

### 1. Wat is de Virtual DOM en waarom gebruikt React deze?

De Virtual DOM is een lichte JavaScript-representatie van de echte DOM. React gebruikt deze abstractie om updates van de interface te optimaliseren.

Het proces verloopt in drie stappen: React maakt eerst een virtuele kopie van de DOM, vergelijkt die kopie vervolgens met de vorige versie zodra er wijzigingen optreden (diffing-algoritme) en past ten slotte alleen de noodzakelijke aanpassingen toe op de echte DOM (reconciliatie).

```jsx
// Simplified example of the concept
// When state changes, React doesn't recreate the entire DOM
function Counter() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0)

  // Only the span containing count will be updated in the real DOM
  // The rest of the component is untouched
  return (
    <div>
      <h1>Counter</h1>
      <span>{count}</span>
      <button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>+1</button>
    </div>
  )
}
```

Deze aanpak vermijdt dure DOM-operaties en maakt performante updates mogelijk, zelfs bij complexe interfaces.

### 2. Wat is het verschil tussen functionele en class-componenten?

Functionele componenten zijn JavaScript-functies die props ontvangen en JSX retourneren. Sinds React 16.8 maken hooks het mogelijk om state en lifecycle te gebruiken binnen functionele componenten.

```jsx
// Functional component (recommended)
// More concise, easier to test, supports hooks
function Welcome({ name }) {
  const [visits, setVisits] = useState(0)

  useEffect(() => {
    setVisits(v => v + 1)
  }, [])

  return <h1>Hello {name}, visit #{visits}</h1>
}

// Class component (legacy)
// More verbose, requires this binding
class WelcomeClass extends React.Component {
  state = { visits: 0 }

  componentDidMount() {
    this.setState(prev => ({ visits: prev.visits + 1 }))
  }

  render() {
    return <h1>Hello {this.props.name}, visit #{this.state.visits}</h1>
  }
}
```

Functionele componenten vormen vandaag de standaard. Class-componenten worden nog ondersteund, maar worden niet meer aanbevolen voor nieuwe projecten.

### 3. Hoe werkt JSX?

JSX is een syntaxuitbreiding van JavaScript die toelaat om markup in de code te schrijven. Het is geen HTML, maar vermomde JavaScript.

```jsx
// What we write (JSX)
const element = (
  <div className="container">
    <h1>Title</h1>
    <p>Paragraph</p>
  </div>
)

// What Babel compiles (pure JavaScript)
const element = React.createElement(
  'div',
  { className: 'container' },
  React.createElement('h1', null, 'Title'),
  React.createElement('p', null, 'Paragraph')
)
```

Enkele verschillen met HTML: `className` in plaats van `class`, `htmlFor` in plaats van `for`, camelCase voor attributen (`onClick`, `tabIndex`) en verplichte sluiting van zelfsluitende tags.

### 4. Wat is state versus props?

Props zijn gegevens die een oudercomponent doorgeeft aan een kind. Ze zijn alleen-lezen. State is de interne toestand van een component, aanpasbaar via setters.

```jsx
// UserCard.jsx
// name and role are props (immutable)
function UserCard({ name, role }) {
  // isExpanded is state (mutable)
  const [isExpanded, setIsExpanded] = useState(false)

  return (
    <div className="card">
      <h2>{name}</h2>
      <p>{role}</p>

      {/* Modifying state triggers a re-render */}
      <button onClick={() => setIsExpanded(!isExpanded)}>
        {isExpanded ? 'Collapse' : 'Details'}
      </button>

      {isExpanded && <UserDetails name={name} />}
    </div>
  )
}

// Usage
<UserCard name="Alice" role="Developer" />
```

De fundamentele regel: props stromen naar beneden (ouder → kind), state blijft lokaal in elk component.

### 5. Waarom zijn keys belangrijk in lijsten?

Keys helpen React om te bepalen welke elementen in een lijst zijn gewijzigd, toegevoegd of verwijderd. Zonder unieke en stabiele keys kan React zich onverwacht gedragen.

```jsx
// ❌ Bad practice: index as key
// Problem: if order changes, React loses tracking
{items.map((item, index) => (
  <ListItem key={index} item={item} />
))}

// ✅ Good practice: unique and stable identifier
{items.map(item => (
  <ListItem key={item.id} item={item} />
))}

// Concrete example of the problem with indices
function TodoList() {
  const [todos, setTodos] = useState([
    { id: 1, text: 'Learn React' },
    { id: 2, text: 'Create a project' }
  ])

  // When deleting the first element with key={index}
  // React will think element 0's content changed
  // instead of understanding an element was removed

  return (
    <ul>
      {todos.map(todo => (
        <li key={todo.id}>{todo.text}</li>
      ))}
    </ul>
  )
}
```

## React Hooks

### 6. Leg useState uit en de veelvoorkomende valkuilen

`useState` beheert de lokale state in een functioneel component. De setter accepteert een waarde of een updatefunctie.

```jsx
// Declaration with initial value
const [count, setCount] = useState(0)

// ❌ Pitfall: multiple updates in the same cycle
function increment() {
  setCount(count + 1) // count = 0, sets 1
  setCount(count + 1) // count = 0 still, sets 1
  setCount(count + 1) // count = 0 still, sets 1
  // Final result: 1 (not 3)
}

// ✅ Solution: use the update function
function incrementCorrect() {
  setCount(prev => prev + 1) // 0 → 1
  setCount(prev => prev + 1) // 1 → 2
  setCount(prev => prev + 1) // 2 → 3
  // Final result: 3
}

// ❌ Pitfall: object mutation
const [user, setUser] = useState({ name: 'Alice', age: 25 })
user.age = 26 // Direct mutation, no re-render

// ✅ Solution: create a new object
setUser({ ...user, age: 26 })
// or
setUser(prev => ({ ...prev, age: 26 }))
```

### 7. Hoe werkt useEffect met zijn dependency array?

`useEffect` voert side effects uit na het renderen. De dependency array bepaalt wanneer het effect draait.

```jsx
// Executed on every render (rare, usually avoid)
useEffect(() => {
  console.log('Render completed')
})

// Executed only on mount (equivalent to componentDidMount)
useEffect(() => {
  console.log('Component mounted')

  // Cleanup on unmount (equivalent to componentWillUnmount)
  return () => {
    console.log('Component unmounted')
  }
}, [])

// Executed when userId changes
useEffect(() => {
  async function fetchUser() {
    const response = await fetch(`/api/users/${userId}`)
    const data = await response.json()
    setUser(data)
  }

  fetchUser()
}, [userId])

// ❌ Missing dependency - subtle bug
useEffect(() => {
  const timer = setInterval(() => {
    setCount(count + 1) // count is "captured" at its initial value
  }, 1000)
  return () => clearInterval(timer)
}, []) // count is missing from dependencies

// ✅ Fix with update function
useEffect(() => {
  const timer = setInterval(() => {
    setCount(prev => prev + 1) // No need for count in deps
  }, 1000)
  return () => clearInterval(timer)
}, [])
```

> **ESLint-regel**
>
> Schakel altijd `eslint-plugin-react-hooks` in om ontbrekende dependencies op te sporen. Deze regel voorkomt talrijke bugs die anders moeilijk te diagnosticeren zijn.

### 8. Wanneer moeten useMemo en useCallback worden gebruikt?

Deze hooks maken memoïsatie mogelijk om overbodige herberekeningen of herdefinities te vermijden. Overmatig gebruik moet vermeden worden.

```jsx
// useMemo: memoizes a computed value
function ProductList({ products, filter }) {
  // Recalculated only if products or filter change
  const filteredProducts = useMemo(() => {
    console.log('Filtering...')
    return products.filter(p => p.category === filter)
  }, [products, filter])

  return <ul>{filteredProducts.map(p => <li key={p.id}>{p.name}</li>)}</ul>
}

// useCallback: memoizes a function
function ParentComponent() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0)

  // Without useCallback, handleClick is recreated on every render
  // Causing unnecessary re-renders of ExpensiveChild
  const handleClick = useCallback((id) => {
    console.log('Clicked:', id)
  }, []) // Empty deps = stable function

  return (
    <>
      <span>{count}</span>
      <button onClick={() => setCount(c => c + 1)}>+</button>
      {/* React.memo on ExpensiveChild for this to be effective */}
      <ExpensiveChild onClick={handleClick} />
    </>
  )
}

// ❌ Over-optimization: not needed here
const SimpleComponent = () => {
  // This calculation is trivial, useMemo adds overhead
  const doubled = useMemo(() => 2 * 2, [])
  return <span>{doubled}</span>
}
```

Deze hooks horen alleen ingezet te worden wanneer er een daadwerkelijk performantieprobleem is vastgesteld of om stabiele referenties door te geven aan gememoïseerde componenten.

### 9. Hoe werkt useRef en wat zijn de toepassingen?

`useRef` creëert een muteerbare referentie die tussen renders blijft bestaan zonder een nieuwe render te triggeren bij wijziging.

```jsx
// Case 1: Access a DOM element
function TextInput() {
  const inputRef = useRef(null)

  const focusInput = () => {
    inputRef.current.focus()
  }

  return (
    <>
      <input ref={inputRef} type="text" />
      <button onClick={focusInput}>Focus</button>
    </>
  )
}

// Case 2: Store a mutable value without re-render
function Timer() {
  const [seconds, setSeconds] = useState(0)
  const intervalRef = useRef(null)

  const start = () => {
    // Store the interval ID to be able to stop it
    intervalRef.current = setInterval(() => {
      setSeconds(s => s + 1)
    }, 1000)
  }

  const stop = () => {
    clearInterval(intervalRef.current)
  }

  return (
    <div>
      <span>{seconds}s</span>
      <button onClick={start}>Start</button>
      <button onClick={stop}>Stop</button>
    </div>
  )
}

// Case 3: Keep the previous value
function usePrevious(value) {
  const ref = useRef()

  useEffect(() => {
    ref.current = value
  }, [value])

  return ref.current
}
```

### 10. Leg useContext uit en wanneer het te gebruiken

`useContext` geeft toegang tot een React-context zonder prop drilling. Ideaal voor globale gegevens zoals een thema of de ingelogde gebruiker.

```jsx
// 1. Create the context
const ThemeContext = createContext({
  theme: 'light',
  toggleTheme: () => {}
})

// 2. Create the provider
function ThemeProvider({ children }) {
  const [theme, setTheme] = useState('light')

  const toggleTheme = useCallback(() => {
    setTheme(prev => prev === 'light' ? 'dark' : 'light')
  }, [])

  // Memoize the value to avoid unnecessary re-renders
  const value = useMemo(() => ({ theme, toggleTheme }), [theme, toggleTheme])

  return (
    <ThemeContext.Provider value={value}>
      {children}
    </ThemeContext.Provider>
  )
}

// 3. Use the context
function ThemedButton() {
  const { theme, toggleTheme } = useContext(ThemeContext)

  return (
    <button
      onClick={toggleTheme}
      className={theme === 'dark' ? 'bg-gray-800 text-white' : 'bg-white text-gray-800'}
    >
      {theme === 'dark' ? 'Light' : 'Dark'} mode
    </button>
  )
}

// 4. Wrap the application
function App() {
  return (
    <ThemeProvider>
      <Header />
      <Main />
      <Footer />
    </ThemeProvider>
  )
}
```

## Geavanceerde patronen

### 11. Wat is een Higher-Order Component (HOC)?

Een HOC is een functie die een component aanneemt en een nieuw, verrijkt component retourneert. Minder gebruikt sinds de komst van hooks, maar nog steeds aanwezig in sommige bibliotheken.

```jsx
// HOC that adds logging
function withLogging(WrappedComponent) {
  return function WithLogging(props) {
    useEffect(() => {
      console.log(`${WrappedComponent.name} mounted with props:`, props)

      return () => {
        console.log(`${WrappedComponent.name} unmounted`)
      }
    }, [])

    return <WrappedComponent {...props} />
  }
}

// HOC that handles authentication
function withAuth(WrappedComponent) {
  return function WithAuth(props) {
    const { user, isLoading } = useAuth()

    if (isLoading) return <LoadingSpinner />
    if (!user) return <Navigate to="/login" />

    return <WrappedComponent {...props} user={user} />
  }
}

// Usage
const ProtectedDashboard = withAuth(Dashboard)
const LoggedButton = withLogging(Button)
```

### 12. Leg het Render Props-patroon uit

Het Render Props-patroon deelt logica tussen componenten via een prop die een functie is.

```jsx
// Component with render prop
function MouseTracker({ render }) {
  const [position, setPosition] = useState({ x: 0, y: 0 })

  useEffect(() => {
    const handleMove = (e) => {
      setPosition({ x: e.clientX, y: e.clientY })
    }

    window.addEventListener('mousemove', handleMove)
    return () => window.removeEventListener('mousemove', handleMove)
  }, [])

  // Call the render function with data
  return render(position)
}

// Usage
function App() {
  return (
    <MouseTracker
      render={({ x, y }) => (
        <div>
          Position: {x}, {y}
        </div>
      )}
    />
  )
}

// Modern version with custom hook (preferred)
function useMousePosition() {
  const [position, setPosition] = useState({ x: 0, y: 0 })

  useEffect(() => {
    const handleMove = (e) => {
      setPosition({ x: e.clientX, y: e.clientY })
    }

    window.addEventListener('mousemove', handleMove)
    return () => window.removeEventListener('mousemove', handleMove)
  }, [])

  return position
}

function App() {
  const { x, y } = useMousePosition()
  return <div>Position: {x}, {y}</div>
}
```

### 13. Hoe maak je een custom hook?

Custom hooks halen stateful logica eruit en maken ze herbruikbaar tussen componenten.

```jsx
// useLocalStorage.js
function useLocalStorage(key, initialValue) {
  // Initialize with localStorage value or default
  const [storedValue, setStoredValue] = useState(() => {
    try {
      const item = window.localStorage.getItem(key)
      return item ? JSON.parse(item) : initialValue
    } catch (error) {
      console.error(error)
      return initialValue
    }
  })

  // Setter wrapper that syncs with localStorage
  const setValue = useCallback((value) => {
    try {
      // Support update functions
      const valueToStore = value instanceof Function ? value(storedValue) : value
      setStoredValue(valueToStore)
      window.localStorage.setItem(key, JSON.stringify(valueToStore))
    } catch (error) {
      console.error(error)
    }
  }, [key, storedValue])

  return [storedValue, setValue]
}

// Usage
function Settings() {
  const [theme, setTheme] = useLocalStorage('theme', 'light')
  const [fontSize, setFontSize] = useLocalStorage('fontSize', 16)

  return (
    <div>
      <select value={theme} onChange={e => setTheme(e.target.value)}>
        <option value="light">Light</option>
        <option value="dark">Dark</option>
      </select>

      <input
        type="range"
        min="12"
        max="24"
        value={fontSize}
        onChange={e => setFontSize(Number(e.target.value))}
      />
    </div>
  )
}
```

### 14. Wat is het Compound Components-patroon?

Dit patroon creëert componenten die impliciet samenwerken, zoals de tags `<select>` en `<option>`.

```jsx
// Shared context between components
const TabsContext = createContext()

function Tabs({ children, defaultValue }) {
  const [activeTab, setActiveTab] = useState(defaultValue)

  return (
    <TabsContext.Provider value={{ activeTab, setActiveTab }}>
      <div className="tabs">{children}</div>
    </TabsContext.Provider>
  )
}

function TabList({ children }) {
  return <div className="tab-list" role="tablist">{children}</div>
}

function Tab({ value, children }) {
  const { activeTab, setActiveTab } = useContext(TabsContext)
  const isActive = activeTab === value

  return (
    <button
      role="tab"
      aria-selected={isActive}
      className={`tab ${isActive ? 'active' : ''}`}
      onClick={() => setActiveTab(value)}
    >
      {children}
    </button>
  )
}

function TabPanel({ value, children }) {
  const { activeTab } = useContext(TabsContext)

  if (activeTab !== value) return null

  return (
    <div role="tabpanel" className="tab-panel">
      {children}
    </div>
  )
}

// Attach sub-components
Tabs.List = TabList
Tabs.Tab = Tab
Tabs.Panel = TabPanel

// Intuitive usage
function App() {
  return (
    <Tabs defaultValue="profile">
      <Tabs.List>
        <Tabs.Tab value="profile">Profile</Tabs.Tab>
        <Tabs.Tab value="settings">Settings</Tabs.Tab>
        <Tabs.Tab value="billing">Billing</Tabs.Tab>
      </Tabs.List>

      <Tabs.Panel value="profile">Profile content...</Tabs.Panel>
      <Tabs.Panel value="settings">Settings content...</Tabs.Panel>
      <Tabs.Panel value="billing">Billing content...</Tabs.Panel>
    </Tabs>
  )
}
```

### 15. Hoe implementeer je het Controlled vs Uncontrolled-patroon?

Gecontroleerde componenten hebben hun state beheerd door React, ongecontroleerde componenten gebruiken rechtstreeks de DOM.

```jsx
// CONTROLLED component
// State is in React, component reflects that state
function ControlledInput() {
  const [value, setValue] = useState('')

  const handleSubmit = (e) => {
    e.preventDefault()
    console.log('Submitted value:', value)
  }

  return (
    <form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
      <input
        type="text"
        value={value}
        onChange={(e) => setValue(e.target.value)}
      />
      <button type="submit">Submit</button>
    </form>
  )
}

// UNCONTROLLED component
// State is in the DOM, we read it when needed
function UncontrolledInput() {
  const inputRef = useRef(null)

  const handleSubmit = (e) => {
    e.preventDefault()
    console.log('Submitted value:', inputRef.current.value)
  }

  return (
    <form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
      <input
        type="text"
        ref={inputRef}
        defaultValue=""
      />
      <button type="submit">Submit</button>
    </form>
  )
}

// Component that supports BOTH modes
function FlexibleInput({ value, defaultValue, onChange }) {
  const isControlled = value !== undefined
  const [internalValue, setInternalValue] = useState(defaultValue || '')

  const currentValue = isControlled ? value : internalValue

  const handleChange = (e) => {
    if (!isControlled) {
      setInternalValue(e.target.value)
    }
    onChange?.(e.target.value)
  }

  return (
    <input
      type="text"
      value={currentValue}
      onChange={handleChange}
    />
  )
}
```

## Performance en optimalisatie

### 16. Hoe werkt React.memo?

`React.memo` is een HOC die een component memoïseert om re-renders te vermijden wanneer de props niet zijn veranderd.

```jsx
// Memoized component
const ExpensiveList = React.memo(function ExpensiveList({ items, onItemClick }) {
  console.log('ExpensiveList rendered')

  return (
    <ul>
      {items.map(item => (
        <li key={item.id} onClick={() => onItemClick(item.id)}>
          {item.name}
        </li>
      ))}
    </ul>
  )
})

// Parent using the memoized component
function Parent() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0)
  const [items] = useState([
    { id: 1, name: 'Item 1' },
    { id: 2, name: 'Item 2' }
  ])

  // ❌ This function is recreated on every render
  // So ExpensiveList re-renders despite memo
  const handleClick = (id) => console.log(id)

  // ✅ Stable function with useCallback
  const handleClickStable = useCallback((id) => {
    console.log(id)
  }, [])

  return (
    <div>
      <button onClick={() => setCount(c => c + 1)}>{count}</button>
      <ExpensiveList items={items} onItemClick={handleClickStable} />
    </div>
  )
}

// Custom comparison
const MemoWithCustomCompare = React.memo(
  function Component({ user, onClick }) {
    return <div onClick={onClick}>{user.name}</div>
  },
  (prevProps, nextProps) => {
    // Return true if props are equal (skip re-render)
    return prevProps.user.id === nextProps.user.id
  }
)
```

### 17. Wat is code splitting en React.lazy?

Code splitting verdeelt de bundel in chunks die op aanvraag worden geladen, waardoor de initiële laadtijd verlaagt.

```jsx
// Lazy loading components
const Dashboard = lazy(() => import('./Dashboard'))
const Settings = lazy(() => import('./Settings'))
const Profile = lazy(() => import('./Profile'))

function App() {
  return (
    <Suspense fallback={<LoadingSpinner />}>
      <Routes>
        <Route path="/dashboard" element={<Dashboard />} />
        <Route path="/settings" element={<Settings />} />
        <Route path="/profile" element={<Profile />} />
      </Routes>
    </Suspense>
  )
}

// Conditional lazy loading
function FeaturePanel({ showAdvanced }) {
  // Component is only loaded if needed
  const AdvancedOptions = lazy(() => import('./AdvancedOptions'))

  return (
    <div>
      <BasicOptions />

      {showAdvanced && (
        <Suspense fallback={<Skeleton />}>
          <AdvancedOptions />
        </Suspense>
      )}
    </div>
  )
}

// Named exports with lazy
const { Chart } = lazy(() =>
  import('./Charts').then(module => ({ default: module.Chart }))
)
```

### 18. Hoe optimaliseer je lange lijsten?

Lange lijsten kunnen performantieproblemen veroorzaken. Virtualisatie rendert enkel de zichtbare elementen.

```jsx
// With react-window (virtualization library)
import { FixedSizeList } from 'react-window'

function VirtualizedList({ items }) {
  const Row = ({ index, style }) => (
    <div style={style} className="list-item">
      {items[index].name}
    </div>
  )

  return (
    <FixedSizeList
      height={400}
      width="100%"
      itemCount={items.length}
      itemSize={50}
    >
      {Row}
    </FixedSizeList>
  )
}

// Optimization without library: pagination
function PaginatedList({ items, pageSize = 20 }) {
  const [page, setPage] = useState(0)

  const paginatedItems = useMemo(() => {
    const start = page * pageSize
    return items.slice(start, start + pageSize)
  }, [items, page, pageSize])

  const totalPages = Math.ceil(items.length / pageSize)

  return (
    <div>
      <ul>
        {paginatedItems.map(item => (
          <li key={item.id}>{item.name}</li>
        ))}
      </ul>

      <div className="pagination">
        <button
          onClick={() => setPage(p => p - 1)}
          disabled={page === 0}
        >
          Previous
        </button>
        <span>{page + 1} / {totalPages}</span>
        <button
          onClick={() => setPage(p => p + 1)}
          disabled={page >= totalPages - 1}
        >
          Next
        </button>
      </div>
    </div>
  )
}
```

> **Drempel voor virtualisatie**
>
> Virtualisatie wordt pas relevant vanaf enkele honderden elementen. Voor kleinere lijsten volstaan paginering of progressief laden vaak.

### 19. Hoe vermijd je onnodige re-renders?

Het identificeren en elimineren van onnodige re-renders is cruciaal voor de performantie. Verschillende technieken optimaliseren het renderen.

```jsx
// Technique 1: Separate components
// ❌ Everything re-renders when count changes
function BadExample() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0)

  return (
    <div>
      <button onClick={() => setCount(c => c + 1)}>{count}</button>
      <ExpensiveComponent /> {/* Unnecessary re-render */}
    </div>
  )
}

// ✅ ExpensiveComponent no longer re-renders
function GoodExample() {
  return (
    <div>
      <Counter />
      <ExpensiveComponent />
    </div>
  )
}

function Counter() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0)
  return <button onClick={() => setCount(c => c + 1)}>{count}</button>
}

// Technique 2: Pass children instead of rendering directly
// ✅ children is stable, no re-render of children
function ContextProvider({ children }) {
  const [value, setValue] = useState(0)

  return (
    <Context.Provider value={value}>
      {children} {/* children doesn't re-render when value changes */}
    </Context.Provider>
  )
}

// Technique 3: Use DevTools to identify re-renders
// React DevTools > Profiler > "Highlight updates when components render"
```

### 20. Wat is automatic batching in React 18+?

React 18 groepeert state-updates automatisch om het aantal re-renders te verlagen.

```jsx
// Before React 18: two re-renders
function handleClick() {
  setCount(c => c + 1) // Re-render
  setFlag(f => !f)      // Re-render
}

// React 18+: single re-render (automatic batching)
function handleClick() {
  setCount(c => c + 1) // Batched
  setFlag(f => !f)      // Batched
  // Single re-render at the end
}

// Even in async callbacks (React 18 novelty)
async function handleSubmit() {
  const response = await fetch('/api/submit')

  // These two updates are batched
  setData(response.data)
  setLoading(false)
  // Single re-render
}

// To force immediate re-render (rare)
import { flushSync } from 'react-dom'

function handleClick() {
  flushSync(() => {
    setCount(c => c + 1)
  })
  // DOM updated here

  flushSync(() => {
    setFlag(f => !f)
  })
  // DOM updated here
}
```

## Moderne React (18+)

### 21. Leg useTransition en useDeferredValue uit

Deze hooks markeren updates als niet-urgent om de interface responsief te houden.

```jsx
// useTransition: mark an update as non-urgent
function SearchResults() {
  const [query, setQuery] = useState('')
  const [results, setResults] = useState([])
  const [isPending, startTransition] = useTransition()

  const handleChange = (e) => {
    // Urgent update: input stays responsive
    setQuery(e.target.value)

    // Non-urgent update: can be interrupted
    startTransition(() => {
      const filtered = filterLargeDataset(e.target.value)
      setResults(filtered)
    })
  }

  return (
    <div>
      <input value={query} onChange={handleChange} />

      {isPending && <span>Searching...</span>}

      <ul>
        {results.map(r => <li key={r.id}>{r.name}</li>)}
      </ul>
    </div>
  )
}

// useDeferredValue: defer a value
function DeferredSearch() {
  const [query, setQuery] = useState('')
  // deferredQuery is "behind" during rapid updates
  const deferredQuery = useDeferredValue(query)

  // Show indicator during the "lag"
  const isStale = query !== deferredQuery

  return (
    <div>
      <input value={query} onChange={e => setQuery(e.target.value)} />

      <div style={{ opacity: isStale ? 0.5 : 1 }}>
        {/* Uses deferred value, fewer calculations */}
        <ExpensiveList filter={deferredQuery} />
      </div>
    </div>
  )
}
```

### 22. Hoe werkt Suspense voor data fetching?

Suspense beheert laadstatussen op een declaratieve manier. Vanaf React 18 breidt het zich uit naar data fetching.

```jsx
// With a compatible library (React Query, Relay, etc.)
function UserProfile({ userId }) {
  return (
    <Suspense fallback={<ProfileSkeleton />}>
      <ProfileContent userId={userId} />
    </Suspense>
  )
}

// The component "suspends" during loading
function ProfileContent({ userId }) {
  // This function suspends if data isn't ready
  const user = useUserData(userId)

  return (
    <div>
      <h1>{user.name}</h1>
      <p>{user.bio}</p>
    </div>
  )
}

// Nested Suspense boundaries
function Dashboard() {
  return (
    <Suspense fallback={<DashboardSkeleton />}>
      <Header />

      <div className="grid">
        <Suspense fallback={<StatsSkeleton />}>
          <Stats />
        </Suspense>

        <Suspense fallback={<ChartSkeleton />}>
          <Chart />
        </Suspense>

        <Suspense fallback={<TableSkeleton />}>
          <RecentActivity />
        </Suspense>
      </div>
    </Suspense>
  )
}
```

### 23. Wat is useActionState (React 19)?

`useActionState` (vroeger `useFormState`) vereenvoudigt de afhandeling van formulieren met Server Actions.

```jsx
// actions.js
'use server'

async function submitForm(prevState, formData) {
  const email = formData.get('email')
  const password = formData.get('password')

  // Validation
  if (!email || !password) {
    return { error: 'All fields are required' }
  }

  try {
    await createUser({ email, password })
    return { success: true, message: 'Account created!' }
  } catch (e) {
    return { error: e.message }
  }
}

// Component
function SignupForm() {
  const [state, formAction, isPending] = useActionState(submitForm, {})

  return (
    <form action={formAction}>
      {state.error && (
        <div className="error">{state.error}</div>
      )}

      {state.success && (
        <div className="success">{state.message}</div>
      )}

      <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Email" />
      <input name="password" type="password" placeholder="Password" />

      <button type="submit" disabled={isPending}>
        {isPending ? 'Creating...' : 'Create account'}
      </button>
    </form>
  )
}
```

### 24. Hoe werken Server Components?

Server Components draaien uitsluitend op de server, waardoor minder JavaScript naar de client wordt gestuurd.

```jsx
// ServerComponent.jsx
// No "use client" = Server Component by default
import { prisma } from '@/lib/prisma'

// async/await directly in the component
export default async function ProductList() {
  // Direct database call (no API)
  const products = await prisma.product.findMany({
    orderBy: { createdAt: 'desc' },
    take: 10
  })

  return (
    <div>
      <h2>Recent Products</h2>
      <ul>
        {products.map(product => (
          <li key={product.id}>
            {product.name} - ${product.price}
            {/* Can include Client Components */}
            <AddToCartButton productId={product.id} />
          </li>
        ))}
      </ul>
    </div>
  )
}

// AddToCartButton.jsx
'use client'

// This component needs interactivity
export function AddToCartButton({ productId }) {
  const [isPending, startTransition] = useTransition()

  const handleClick = () => {
    startTransition(async () => {
      await addToCart(productId)
    })
  }

  return (
    <button onClick={handleClick} disabled={isPending}>
      {isPending ? '...' : 'Add'}
    </button>
  )
}
```

### 25. Leg SSR streaming uit met React 18

SSR streaming stuurt de HTML progressief naar de browser in plaats van te wachten op een volledige render.

```jsx
// app/page.jsx (Next.js App Router)
import { Suspense } from 'react'

export default function Page() {
  return (
    <div>
      {/* Immediate render */}
      <Header />

      {/* Streamed when ready */}
      <Suspense fallback={<MainContentSkeleton />}>
        <MainContent />
      </Suspense>

      {/* Streamed independently */}
      <Suspense fallback={<SidebarSkeleton />}>
        <Sidebar />
      </Suspense>

      {/* Immediate render */}
      <Footer />
    </div>
  )
}

// The browser receives:
// 1. HTML shell with Header, skeletons, Footer
// 2. MainContent when its request completes
// 3. Sidebar when its request completes

// loading.jsx for route-level streaming
export default function Loading() {
  return <PageSkeleton />
}
```

## State management

### 26. Wanneer kiezen voor Redux, Context API of andere oplossingen?

De keuze hangt af van de complexiteit van de state en de behoeften van het project.

```jsx
// Context API: simple state, few updates
// ✅ Good for: theme, user, preferences
const ThemeContext = createContext()

function ThemeProvider({ children }) {
  const [theme, setTheme] = useState('light')
  return (
    <ThemeContext.Provider value={{ theme, setTheme }}>
      {children}
    </ThemeContext.Provider>
  )
}

// Redux / Zustand: complex state, frequent updates
// ✅ Good for: cart, filters, complex business data
import { create } from 'zustand'

const useCartStore = create((set, get) => ({
  items: [],
  total: 0,

  addItem: (product) => set((state) => {
    const existing = state.items.find(i => i.id === product.id)
    if (existing) {
      return {
        items: state.items.map(i =>
          i.id === product.id ? { ...i, quantity: i.quantity + 1 } : i
        )
      }
    }
    return { items: [...state.items, { ...product, quantity: 1 }] }
  }),

  removeItem: (id) => set((state) => ({
    items: state.items.filter(i => i.id !== id)
  })),

  getTotal: () => get().items.reduce((sum, i) => sum + i.price * i.quantity, 0)
}))

// React Query / SWR: server state (cache, refetch)
// ✅ Good for: API data, server synchronization
import { useQuery, useMutation } from '@tanstack/react-query'

function Products() {
  const { data, isLoading } = useQuery({
    queryKey: ['products'],
    queryFn: () => fetch('/api/products').then(r => r.json())
  })

  const mutation = useMutation({
    mutationFn: (newProduct) => fetch('/api/products', {
      method: 'POST',
      body: JSON.stringify(newProduct)
    })
  })
}
```

### 27. Hoe implementeer je het Reducer-patroon?

Het Reducer-patroon centraliseert complexe update-logica van de state.

```jsx
// Define actions
const ACTIONS = {
  ADD_TODO: 'ADD_TODO',
  TOGGLE_TODO: 'TOGGLE_TODO',
  DELETE_TODO: 'DELETE_TODO',
  SET_FILTER: 'SET_FILTER'
}

// Pure reducer (no side effects)
function todoReducer(state, action) {
  switch (action.type) {
    case ACTIONS.ADD_TODO:
      return {
        ...state,
        todos: [
          ...state.todos,
          { id: Date.now(), text: action.payload, completed: false }
        ]
      }

    case ACTIONS.TOGGLE_TODO:
      return {
        ...state,
        todos: state.todos.map(todo =>
          todo.id === action.payload
            ? { ...todo, completed: !todo.completed }
            : todo
        )
      }

    case ACTIONS.DELETE_TODO:
      return {
        ...state,
        todos: state.todos.filter(todo => todo.id !== action.payload)
      }

    case ACTIONS.SET_FILTER:
      return { ...state, filter: action.payload }

    default:
      return state
  }
}

// Usage with useReducer
function TodoApp() {
  const [state, dispatch] = useReducer(todoReducer, {
    todos: [],
    filter: 'all'
  })

  const addTodo = (text) => {
    dispatch({ type: ACTIONS.ADD_TODO, payload: text })
  }

  const toggleTodo = (id) => {
    dispatch({ type: ACTIONS.TOGGLE_TODO, payload: id })
  }

  const filteredTodos = useMemo(() => {
    switch (state.filter) {
      case 'completed':
        return state.todos.filter(t => t.completed)
      case 'active':
        return state.todos.filter(t => !t.completed)
      default:
        return state.todos
    }
  }, [state.todos, state.filter])

  return (
    <div>
      <TodoForm onAdd={addTodo} />
      <TodoList todos={filteredTodos} onToggle={toggleTodo} />
      <FilterButtons
        current={state.filter}
        onChange={(f) => dispatch({ type: ACTIONS.SET_FILTER, payload: f })}
      />
    </div>
  )
}
```

## Testen

### 28. Hoe test je een React-component?

Componenttests verifiëren de rendering en het gedrag van de interface.

```jsx
// Button.test.jsx
import { render, screen, fireEvent } from '@testing-library/react'
import userEvent from '@testing-library/user-event'
import Button from './Button'

describe('Button', () => {
  // Basic rendering test
  it('renders with correct text', () => {
    render(<Button>Click me</Button>)
    expect(screen.getByRole('button')).toHaveTextContent('Click me')
  })

  // Interaction test
  it('calls onClick when clicked', async () => {
    const handleClick = jest.fn()
    render(<Button onClick={handleClick}>Click</Button>)

    await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button'))

    expect(handleClick).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
  })

  // Disabled state test
  it('does not call onClick when disabled', async () => {
    const handleClick = jest.fn()
    render(<Button disabled onClick={handleClick}>Click</Button>)

    await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button'))

    expect(handleClick).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
  })

  // Async state test
  it('shows loading state', async () => {
    render(<Button isLoading>Submit</Button>)

    expect(screen.getByRole('button')).toBeDisabled()
    expect(screen.getByTestId('spinner')).toBeInTheDocument()
  })
})

// Testing a custom hook
import { renderHook, act } from '@testing-library/react'
import useCounter from './useCounter'

describe('useCounter', () => {
  it('increments counter', () => {
    const { result } = renderHook(() => useCounter(0))

    act(() => {
      result.current.increment()
    })

    expect(result.current.count).toBe(1)
  })
})
```

### 29. Hoe mock je API-calls in tests?

Mocks isoleren de tests van externe afhankelijkheden.

```jsx
// With MSW (Mock Service Worker) - recommended
import { setupServer } from 'msw/node'
import { http, HttpResponse } from 'msw'

const server = setupServer(
  http.get('/api/users', () => {
    return HttpResponse.json([
      { id: 1, name: 'Alice' },
      { id: 2, name: 'Bob' }
    ])
  }),

  http.post('/api/users', async ({ request }) => {
    const body = await request.json()
    return HttpResponse.json({ id: 3, ...body }, { status: 201 })
  })
)

beforeAll(() => server.listen())
afterEach(() => server.resetHandlers())
afterAll(() => server.close())

test('loads and displays users', async () => {
  render(<UserList />)

  expect(screen.getByText('Loading...')).toBeInTheDocument()

  await waitFor(() => {
    expect(screen.getByText('Alice')).toBeInTheDocument()
    expect(screen.getByText('Bob')).toBeInTheDocument()
  })
})

// Override for a specific test
test('handles error state', async () => {
  server.use(
    http.get('/api/users', () => {
      return HttpResponse.json({ error: 'Server error' }, { status: 500 })
    })
  )

  render(<UserList />)

  await waitFor(() => {
    expect(screen.getByText('Loading error')).toBeInTheDocument()
  })
})
```

### 30. Hoe structureer je tests voor een optimale dekking?

Een evenwichtige teststrategie combineert verschillende testniveaus.

```jsx
// Recommended testing pyramid:
// - Many unit tests (fast, isolated)
// - Some integration tests (components + hooks)
// - Few E2E tests (critical scenarios)

// Unit tests: pure logic
// utils/formatPrice.test.js
describe('formatPrice', () => {
  it('formats with 2 decimals', () => {
    expect(formatPrice(10)).toBe('$10.00')
  })

  it('handles zero', () => {
    expect(formatPrice(0)).toBe('$0.00')
  })
})

// Integration tests: complete component
// features/Checkout/Checkout.test.jsx
describe('Checkout', () => {
  it('completes purchase flow', async () => {
    render(
      <CartProvider>
        <Checkout />
      </CartProvider>
    )

    // Fill the form
    await userEvent.type(screen.getByLabelText('Email'), 'test@example.com')
    await userEvent.type(screen.getByLabelText('Card'), '4242424242424242')

    // Submit
    await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Pay' }))

    // Verify result
    await waitFor(() => {
      expect(screen.getByText('Order confirmed')).toBeInTheDocument()
    })
  })
})

// E2E tests with Playwright
// e2e/checkout.spec.ts
test('user can complete checkout', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/products')
  await page.click('[data-testid="add-to-cart-1"]')
  await page.click('[data-testid="checkout-button"]')

  await page.fill('[name="email"]', 'test@example.com')
  await page.fill('[name="card"]', '4242424242424242')
  await page.click('button[type="submit"]')

  await expect(page.locator('text=Order confirmed')).toBeVisible()
})
```

## Conclusie

Deze 30 vragen dekken de essentiële React-kennis die in sollicitatiegesprekken wordt verwacht. Belangrijke gebieden om te beheersen:

- ✅ **Fundamenten**: Virtual DOM, JSX, props versus state, componenten
- ✅ **Hooks**: useState, useEffect, useMemo, useCallback, useRef, useContext
- ✅ **Patronen**: HOC, Render Props, Compound Components, custom hooks
- ✅ **Performance**: React.memo, lazy loading, virtualisatie
- ✅ **Moderne React**: Suspense, Transitions, Server Components
- ✅ **State management**: Context, Redux/Zustand, React Query
- ✅ **Testen**: React Testing Library, mocks, teststrategie

De voorbereiding op een React-sollicitatie draait niet alleen om uit het hoofd leren. Oefenen met echte projecten helpt om deze concepten te verankeren en ze tijdens het gesprek op natuurlijke wijze uit te leggen.

---

Source: SharpSkill (https://sharpskill.dev), tech interview preparation for your real stack.
HTML version of this page: https://sharpskill.dev/nl/blog/react-next/top-30-react-interview-questions