# .NET 8: Membangun API dengan ASP.NET Core

> Panduan lengkap membangun REST API profesional dengan .NET 8 dan ASP.NET Core. Controller, Entity Framework Core, validasi, dan praktik terbaik dijelaskan secara mendetail.

- Published: 2026-01-17
- Updated: 2026-04-10
- Author: SharpSkill
- Tags: dotnet, aspnet core, csharp, rest api, entity framework
- Reading time: 14 min

---

.NET 8 merupakan rilis utama dari framework Microsoft yang menghadirkan peningkatan signifikan dalam performa dan produktivitas untuk pengembangan API. ASP.NET Core menggabungkan kekuatan C# dengan arsitektur modern dan modular yang ideal untuk aplikasi enterprise. Panduan ini membahas pembuatan REST API profesional secara lengkap, mulai dari konfigurasi awal hingga kode yang siap di-deploy.

> **.NET 8 LTS**
>
> .NET 8 adalah rilis Long-Term Support (LTS) dengan dukungan selama 3 tahun. Peningkatan pada Minimal API dan Native AOT menjadikannya pilihan optimal untuk microservices dan aplikasi cloud-native.

## Initial Project Setup with .NET 8

Pembuatan proyek API ASP.NET Core menggunakan .NET CLI untuk menghasilkan struktur proyek yang optimal. Konfigurasi paket NuGet yang diperlukan menyiapkan fondasi untuk pengembangan.

```bash
# terminal
# Check installed .NET version
dotnet --version
# Expected: 8.0.x

# Create the API project
dotnet new webapi -n ProductApi -o ProductApi
cd ProductApi

# Add essential packages
dotnet add package Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.SqlServer
dotnet add package Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Design
dotnet add package FluentValidation.AspNetCore
dotnet add package Swashbuckle.AspNetCore
```

Perintah-perintah tersebut membuat proyek API dengan dependensi yang diperlukan untuk Entity Framework Core, validasi, dan dokumentasi Swagger.

```csharp
// Program.cs
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using ProductApi.Data;
using ProductApi.Services;
using FluentValidation;
using FluentValidation.AspNetCore;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

// Configure Entity Framework Core with SQL Server
builder.Services.AddDbContext<AppDbContext>(options =>
    options.UseSqlServer(builder.Configuration.GetConnectionString("DefaultConnection")));

// Register business services
builder.Services.AddScoped<IProductService, ProductService>();
builder.Services.AddScoped<ICategoryService, CategoryService>();

// Configure controllers with validation
builder.Services.AddControllers();
builder.Services.AddFluentValidationAutoValidation();
builder.Services.AddValidatorsFromAssemblyContaining<Program>();

// Configure Swagger for documentation
builder.Services.AddEndpointsApiExplorer();
builder.Services.AddSwaggerGen(c =>
{
    c.SwaggerDoc("v1", new() { Title = "Product API", Version = "v1" });
});

var app = builder.Build();

// Middleware pipeline
if (app.Environment.IsDevelopment())
{
    app.UseSwagger();
    app.UseSwaggerUI();
}

app.UseHttpsRedirection();
app.UseAuthorization();
app.MapControllers();

app.Run();
```

Konfigurasi ini menggunakan pola Minimal API dari .NET 8 sambil tetap mempertahankan controller untuk struktur yang jelas dan mudah dipelihara.

## Data Models and Entity Framework Core

Model merepresentasikan entitas bisnis dari aplikasi. Entity Framework Core menangani pemetaan objek-relasional dengan konfigurasi fluent dan konvensi yang cerdas.

```csharp
// Models/Product.cs
namespace ProductApi.Models;

public class Product
{
    // Primary key with auto-increment
    public int Id { get; set; }

    // Required properties (non-nullable in C# 8+)
    public required string Name { get; set; }
    public required string Description { get; set; }

    // Price with decimal precision
    public decimal Price { get; set; }

    // Stock with default value
    public int StockQuantity { get; set; } = 0;

    // Product status
    public bool IsActive { get; set; } = true;

    // Relationship with Category (foreign key)
    public int CategoryId { get; set; }
    public Category? Category { get; set; }

    // Automatic tracking dates
    public DateTime CreatedAt { get; set; } = DateTime.UtcNow;
    public DateTime? UpdatedAt { get; set; }
}
```

Kata kunci `required` dari C# 11 memastikan properti penting selalu diinisialisasi saat pembuatan objek.

```csharp
// Models/Category.cs
namespace ProductApi.Models;

public class Category
{
    public int Id { get; set; }

    public required string Name { get; set; }

    // Slug for friendly URLs
    public required string Slug { get; set; }

    public string? Description { get; set; }

    // Inverse navigation: list of products in this category
    public ICollection<Product> Products { get; set; } = new List<Product>();

    public DateTime CreatedAt { get; set; } = DateTime.UtcNow;
}
```

```csharp
// Data/AppDbContext.cs
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using ProductApi.Models;

namespace ProductApi.Data;

public class AppDbContext : DbContext
{
    public AppDbContext(DbContextOptions<AppDbContext> options) : base(options)
    {
    }

    // DbSets for each entity
    public DbSet<Product> Products => Set<Product>();
    public DbSet<Category> Categories => Set<Category>();

    protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
    {
        // Product entity configuration
        modelBuilder.Entity<Product>(entity =>
        {
            // Index on name for fast search
            entity.HasIndex(p => p.Name);

            // Price precision: 18 digits, 2 decimals
            entity.Property(p => p.Price)
                .HasPrecision(18, 2);

            // Relationship with Category
            entity.HasOne(p => p.Category)
                .WithMany(c => c.Products)
                .HasForeignKey(p => p.CategoryId)
                .OnDelete(DeleteBehavior.Restrict);
        });

        // Category entity configuration
        modelBuilder.Entity<Category>(entity =>
        {
            // Unique slug
            entity.HasIndex(c => c.Slug).IsUnique();

            // Maximum name length
            entity.Property(c => c.Name).HasMaxLength(100);
        });
    }
}
```

Konfigurasi Fluent API memberikan kontrol yang presisi terhadap skema database yang dihasilkan oleh migrasi EF Core.

> **Entity Framework Core Migrations**
>
> Migrasi memversikan skema database. Jalankan `dotnet ef migrations add InitialCreate` kemudian `dotnet ef database update` untuk menerapkan perubahan.

## DTOs and Validation with FluentValidation

DTO (Data Transfer Object) memisahkan model domain dari data yang diekspos melalui API. FluentValidation menyediakan validasi yang deklaratif dan mudah dipelihara.

```csharp
// DTOs/ProductDtos.cs
namespace ProductApi.DTOs;

// DTO for product creation
public record CreateProductDto(
    string Name,
    string Description,
    decimal Price,
    int StockQuantity,
    int CategoryId
);

// DTO for product update
public record UpdateProductDto(
    string? Name,
    string? Description,
    decimal? Price,
    int? StockQuantity,
    bool? IsActive
);

// DTO for response (read)
public record ProductDto(
    int Id,
    string Name,
    string Description,
    decimal Price,
    int StockQuantity,
    bool IsActive,
    string CategoryName,
    DateTime CreatedAt
);

// DTO for list with pagination
public record ProductListDto(
    int Id,
    string Name,
    decimal Price,
    int StockQuantity,
    bool IsActive,
    string CategoryName
);
```

Penggunaan record dari C# 9+ menjadikan DTO bersifat immutable dan ringkas, dengan kesetaraan nilai otomatis.

```csharp
// Validators/ProductValidators.cs
using FluentValidation;
using ProductApi.DTOs;

namespace ProductApi.Validators;

public class CreateProductValidator : AbstractValidator<CreateProductDto>
{
    public CreateProductValidator()
    {
        // Name is required and limited to 200 characters
        RuleFor(x => x.Name)
            .NotEmpty().WithMessage("Product name is required.")
            .MaximumLength(200).WithMessage("Name cannot exceed 200 characters.");

        // Description required with minimum length
        RuleFor(x => x.Description)
            .NotEmpty().WithMessage("Description is required.")
            .MinimumLength(10).WithMessage("Description must contain at least 10 characters.");

        // Positive price required
        RuleFor(x => x.Price)
            .GreaterThan(0).WithMessage("Price must be greater than 0.")
            .LessThanOrEqualTo(999999.99m).WithMessage("Maximum price is 999,999.99.");

        // Non-negative stock
        RuleFor(x => x.StockQuantity)
            .GreaterThanOrEqualTo(0).WithMessage("Stock cannot be negative.");

        // Valid category
        RuleFor(x => x.CategoryId)
            .GreaterThan(0).WithMessage("A valid category is required.");
    }
}

public class UpdateProductValidator : AbstractValidator<UpdateProductDto>
{
    public UpdateProductValidator()
    {
        // Conditional validation: only if value is provided
        RuleFor(x => x.Name)
            .MaximumLength(200)
            .When(x => !string.IsNullOrEmpty(x.Name));

        RuleFor(x => x.Price)
            .GreaterThan(0)
            .When(x => x.Price.HasValue);

        RuleFor(x => x.StockQuantity)
            .GreaterThanOrEqualTo(0)
            .When(x => x.StockQuantity.HasValue);
    }
}
```

FluentValidation terintegrasi secara otomatis dengan pipeline validasi ASP.NET Core, mengembalikan error terstruktur dengan kode 400.

## Business Services and Abstraction Layer

Layer service mengenkapsulasi logika bisnis dan operasi database, memudahkan pengujian dan pemeliharaan.

```csharp
// Services/IProductService.cs
using ProductApi.DTOs;

namespace ProductApi.Services;

public interface IProductService
{
    // Retrieval with pagination
    Task<(IEnumerable<ProductListDto> Items, int TotalCount)> GetAllAsync(
        int page = 1,
        int pageSize = 10,
        string? search = null,
        int? categoryId = null);

    // Retrieval by ID
    Task<ProductDto?> GetByIdAsync(int id);

    // Creation
    Task<ProductDto> CreateAsync(CreateProductDto dto);

    // Update
    Task<ProductDto?> UpdateAsync(int id, UpdateProductDto dto);

    // Deletion
    Task<bool> DeleteAsync(int id);
}
```

```csharp
// Services/ProductService.cs
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using ProductApi.Data;
using ProductApi.DTOs;
using ProductApi.Models;

namespace ProductApi.Services;

public class ProductService : IProductService
{
    private readonly AppDbContext _context;

    public ProductService(AppDbContext context)
    {
        _context = context;
    }

    public async Task<(IEnumerable<ProductListDto> Items, int TotalCount)> GetAllAsync(
        int page = 1,
        int pageSize = 10,
        string? search = null,
        int? categoryId = null)
    {
        // Build base query
        var query = _context.Products
            .Include(p => p.Category)
            .AsQueryable();

        // Filter by text search
        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(search))
        {
            query = query.Where(p =>
                p.Name.Contains(search) ||
                p.Description.Contains(search));
        }

        // Filter by category
        if (categoryId.HasValue)
        {
            query = query.Where(p => p.CategoryId == categoryId.Value);
        }

        // Total count before pagination
        var totalCount = await query.CountAsync();

        // Apply pagination
        var items = await query
            .OrderByDescending(p => p.CreatedAt)
            .Skip((page - 1) * pageSize)
            .Take(pageSize)
            .Select(p => new ProductListDto(
                p.Id,
                p.Name,
                p.Price,
                p.StockQuantity,
                p.IsActive,
                p.Category!.Name))
            .ToListAsync();

        return (items, totalCount);
    }

    public async Task<ProductDto?> GetByIdAsync(int id)
    {
        // Retrieve with category inclusion
        var product = await _context.Products
            .Include(p => p.Category)
            .FirstOrDefaultAsync(p => p.Id == id);

        if (product == null) return null;

        // Map to DTO
        return new ProductDto(
            product.Id,
            product.Name,
            product.Description,
            product.Price,
            product.StockQuantity,
            product.IsActive,
            product.Category?.Name ?? "Uncategorized",
            product.CreatedAt);
    }

    public async Task<ProductDto> CreateAsync(CreateProductDto dto)
    {
        // Create entity
        var product = new Product
        {
            Name = dto.Name,
            Description = dto.Description,
            Price = dto.Price,
            StockQuantity = dto.StockQuantity,
            CategoryId = dto.CategoryId
        };

        // Add and save
        _context.Products.Add(product);
        await _context.SaveChangesAsync();

        // Load category for response
        await _context.Entry(product)
            .Reference(p => p.Category)
            .LoadAsync();

        return new ProductDto(
            product.Id,
            product.Name,
            product.Description,
            product.Price,
            product.StockQuantity,
            product.IsActive,
            product.Category?.Name ?? "Uncategorized",
            product.CreatedAt);
    }

    public async Task<ProductDto?> UpdateAsync(int id, UpdateProductDto dto)
    {
        // Retrieve existing entity
        var product = await _context.Products
            .Include(p => p.Category)
            .FirstOrDefaultAsync(p => p.Id == id);

        if (product == null) return null;

        // Conditional field updates
        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(dto.Name))
            product.Name = dto.Name;

        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(dto.Description))
            product.Description = dto.Description;

        if (dto.Price.HasValue)
            product.Price = dto.Price.Value;

        if (dto.StockQuantity.HasValue)
            product.StockQuantity = dto.StockQuantity.Value;

        if (dto.IsActive.HasValue)
            product.IsActive = dto.IsActive.Value;

        // Update modification date
        product.UpdatedAt = DateTime.UtcNow;

        await _context.SaveChangesAsync();

        return new ProductDto(
            product.Id,
            product.Name,
            product.Description,
            product.Price,
            product.StockQuantity,
            product.IsActive,
            product.Category?.Name ?? "Uncategorized",
            product.CreatedAt);
    }

    public async Task<bool> DeleteAsync(int id)
    {
        // Direct deletion without prior loading
        var result = await _context.Products
            .Where(p => p.Id == id)
            .ExecuteDeleteAsync();

        return result > 0;
    }
}
```

Penggunaan `ExecuteDeleteAsync` (baru di EF Core 7+) meningkatkan performa dengan menghindari pemuatan entitas sebelum penghapusan.

## API Controllers and REST Endpoints

Controller mengekspos endpoint REST dan mengorkestrasi panggilan ke layanan bisnis dengan penanganan kode status HTTP yang tepat.

```csharp
// Controllers/ProductsController.cs
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using ProductApi.DTOs;
using ProductApi.Services;

namespace ProductApi.Controllers;

[ApiController]
[Route("api/[controller]")]
[Produces("application/json")]
public class ProductsController : ControllerBase
{
    private readonly IProductService _productService;

    public ProductsController(IProductService productService)
    {
        _productService = productService;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Retrieves the list of products with pagination and filters.
    /// </summary>
    [HttpGet]
    [ProducesResponseType(typeof(PaginatedResponse<ProductListDto>), StatusCodes.Status200OK)]
    public async Task<IActionResult> GetAll(
        [FromQuery] int page = 1,
        [FromQuery] int pageSize = 10,
        [FromQuery] string? search = null,
        [FromQuery] int? categoryId = null)
    {
        // Validate pagination parameters
        if (page < 1) page = 1;
        if (pageSize < 1 || pageSize > 100) pageSize = 10;

        var (items, totalCount) = await _productService.GetAllAsync(
            page, pageSize, search, categoryId);

        // Standardized paginated response
        var response = new PaginatedResponse<ProductListDto>
        {
            Items = items,
            Page = page,
            PageSize = pageSize,
            TotalCount = totalCount,
            TotalPages = (int)Math.Ceiling(totalCount / (double)pageSize)
        };

        return Ok(response);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Retrieves a product by its identifier.
    /// </summary>
    [HttpGet("{id:int}")]
    [ProducesResponseType(typeof(ProductDto), StatusCodes.Status200OK)]
    [ProducesResponseType(StatusCodes.Status404NotFound)]
    public async Task<IActionResult> GetById(int id)
    {
        var product = await _productService.GetByIdAsync(id);

        if (product == null)
        {
            return NotFound(new { message = $"Product with ID {id} not found." });
        }

        return Ok(product);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a new product.
    /// </summary>
    [HttpPost]
    [ProducesResponseType(typeof(ProductDto), StatusCodes.Status201Created)]
    [ProducesResponseType(StatusCodes.Status400BadRequest)]
    public async Task<IActionResult> Create([FromBody] CreateProductDto dto)
    {
        // Validation is automatic via FluentValidation
        var product = await _productService.CreateAsync(dto);

        // Returns 201 with the created resource URL
        return CreatedAtAction(
            nameof(GetById),
            new { id = product.Id },
            product);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Updates an existing product.
    /// </summary>
    [HttpPut("{id:int}")]
    [ProducesResponseType(typeof(ProductDto), StatusCodes.Status200OK)]
    [ProducesResponseType(StatusCodes.Status404NotFound)]
    [ProducesResponseType(StatusCodes.Status400BadRequest)]
    public async Task<IActionResult> Update(int id, [FromBody] UpdateProductDto dto)
    {
        var product = await _productService.UpdateAsync(id, dto);

        if (product == null)
        {
            return NotFound(new { message = $"Product with ID {id} not found." });
        }

        return Ok(product);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Deletes a product.
    /// </summary>
    [HttpDelete("{id:int}")]
    [ProducesResponseType(StatusCodes.Status204NoContent)]
    [ProducesResponseType(StatusCodes.Status404NotFound)]
    public async Task<IActionResult> Delete(int id)
    {
        var deleted = await _productService.DeleteAsync(id);

        if (!deleted)
        {
            return NotFound(new { message = $"Product with ID {id} not found." });
        }

        // 204 No Content for successful deletion
        return NoContent();
    }
}
```

Atribut `ProducesResponseType` mendokumentasikan kode respons yang mungkin untuk pembuatan dokumentasi Swagger secara otomatis.

```csharp
// DTOs/PaginatedResponse.cs
namespace ProductApi.DTOs;

public class PaginatedResponse<T>
{
    public IEnumerable<T> Items { get; set; } = Enumerable.Empty<T>();
    public int Page { get; set; }
    public int PageSize { get; set; }
    public int TotalCount { get; set; }
    public int TotalPages { get; set; }
    public bool HasPreviousPage => Page > 1;
    public bool HasNextPage => Page < TotalPages;
}
```

> **Route Constraints**
>
> Penggunaan constraint seperti `{id:int}` mencegah konflik routing dan secara otomatis mengembalikan 404 jika format tidak sesuai.

## Global Error Handling

Middleware penanganan error menyentralisasi pemrosesan exception untuk respons yang konsisten dan aman.

```csharp
// Middleware/ExceptionMiddleware.cs
using System.Net;
using System.Text.Json;

namespace ProductApi.Middleware;

public class ExceptionMiddleware
{
    private readonly RequestDelegate _next;
    private readonly ILogger<ExceptionMiddleware> _logger;
    private readonly IHostEnvironment _env;

    public ExceptionMiddleware(
        RequestDelegate next,
        ILogger<ExceptionMiddleware> logger,
        IHostEnvironment env)
    {
        _next = next;
        _logger = logger;
        _env = env;
    }

    public async Task InvokeAsync(HttpContext context)
    {
        try
        {
            // Continue pipeline
            await _next(context);
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            // Log the error
            _logger.LogError(ex, "An unhandled exception occurred");

            // Prepare response
            context.Response.ContentType = "application/json";
            context.Response.StatusCode = (int)HttpStatusCode.InternalServerError;

            // Different response based on environment
            var response = _env.IsDevelopment()
                ? new ErrorResponse(
                    StatusCode: context.Response.StatusCode,
                    Message: ex.Message,
                    Details: ex.StackTrace)
                : new ErrorResponse(
                    StatusCode: context.Response.StatusCode,
                    Message: "An internal error occurred.",
                    Details: null);

            // Serialize with camelCase options
            var options = new JsonSerializerOptions
            {
                PropertyNamingPolicy = JsonNamingPolicy.CamelCase
            };

            var json = JsonSerializer.Serialize(response, options);
            await context.Response.WriteAsync(json);
        }
    }
}

// DTO for error responses
public record ErrorResponse(int StatusCode, string Message, string? Details);

// Extension to register middleware
public static class ExceptionMiddlewareExtensions
{
    public static IApplicationBuilder UseExceptionMiddleware(this IApplicationBuilder app)
    {
        return app.UseMiddleware<ExceptionMiddleware>();
    }
}
```

```csharp
// Program.cs (adding middleware)
var app = builder.Build();

// Exception middleware must be first
app.UseExceptionMiddleware();

if (app.Environment.IsDevelopment())
{
    app.UseSwagger();
    app.UseSwaggerUI();
}
// ... rest of configuration
```

## Configuration and Environment Variables

Konfigurasi yang dieksternal memungkinkan penyesuaian aplikasi ke berbagai environment tanpa mengubah kode.

```json
// appsettings.json
{
  "ConnectionStrings": {
    "DefaultConnection": "Server=localhost;Database=ProductDb;User Id=sa;Password=YourPassword;TrustServerCertificate=true"
  },
  "Logging": {
    "LogLevel": {
      "Default": "Information",
      "Microsoft.AspNetCore": "Warning",
      "Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore": "Warning"
    }
  },
  "ApiSettings": {
    "DefaultPageSize": 10,
    "MaxPageSize": 100,
    "ApiVersion": "1.0"
  }
}
```

```csharp
// Configuration/ApiSettings.cs
namespace ProductApi.Configuration;

public class ApiSettings
{
    public int DefaultPageSize { get; set; } = 10;
    public int MaxPageSize { get; set; } = 100;
    public string ApiVersion { get; set; } = "1.0";
}
```

```csharp
// Program.cs (injecting configuration)
builder.Services.Configure<ApiSettings>(
    builder.Configuration.GetSection("ApiSettings"));

// Usage in a service
public class ProductService : IProductService
{
    private readonly ApiSettings _settings;

    public ProductService(IOptions<ApiSettings> settings)
    {
        _settings = settings.Value;
    }
}
```

## Unit Testing with xUnit

Unit test memvalidasi perilaku service dan controller secara terisolasi.

```csharp
// Tests/ProductServiceTests.cs
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using ProductApi.Data;
using ProductApi.DTOs;
using ProductApi.Models;
using ProductApi.Services;
using Xunit;

namespace ProductApi.Tests;

public class ProductServiceTests
{
    private AppDbContext CreateInMemoryContext()
    {
        // Configure in-memory database
        var options = new DbContextOptionsBuilder<AppDbContext>()
            .UseInMemoryDatabase(databaseName: Guid.NewGuid().ToString())
            .Options;

        return new AppDbContext(options);
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task CreateAsync_ValidDto_ReturnsProductDto()
    {
        // Arrange
        using var context = CreateInMemoryContext();

        // Add test category
        var category = new Category { Id = 1, Name = "Electronics", Slug = "electronics" };
        context.Categories.Add(category);
        await context.SaveChangesAsync();

        var service = new ProductService(context);
        var dto = new CreateProductDto(
            Name: "Test Product",
            Description: "Test Description",
            Price: 99.99m,
            StockQuantity: 10,
            CategoryId: 1);

        // Act
        var result = await service.CreateAsync(dto);

        // Assert
        Assert.NotNull(result);
        Assert.Equal("Test Product", result.Name);
        Assert.Equal(99.99m, result.Price);
        Assert.Equal("Electronics", result.CategoryName);
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task GetByIdAsync_NonExistent_ReturnsNull()
    {
        // Arrange
        using var context = CreateInMemoryContext();
        var service = new ProductService(context);

        // Act
        var result = await service.GetByIdAsync(999);

        // Assert
        Assert.Null(result);
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task UpdateAsync_ExistingProduct_UpdatesFields()
    {
        // Arrange
        using var context = CreateInMemoryContext();

        var category = new Category { Id = 1, Name = "Tech", Slug = "tech" };
        var product = new Product
        {
            Id = 1,
            Name = "Original Name",
            Description = "Original Description",
            Price = 50.00m,
            StockQuantity = 5,
            CategoryId = 1
        };

        context.Categories.Add(category);
        context.Products.Add(product);
        await context.SaveChangesAsync();

        var service = new ProductService(context);
        var updateDto = new UpdateProductDto(
            Name: "Updated Name",
            Description: null,
            Price: 75.00m,
            StockQuantity: null,
            IsActive: null);

        // Act
        var result = await service.UpdateAsync(1, updateDto);

        // Assert
        Assert.NotNull(result);
        Assert.Equal("Updated Name", result.Name);
        Assert.Equal(75.00m, result.Price);
        // Fields not provided remain unchanged
        Assert.Equal(5, result.StockQuantity);
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task DeleteAsync_ExistingProduct_ReturnsTrue()
    {
        // Arrange
        using var context = CreateInMemoryContext();

        var category = new Category { Id = 1, Name = "Test", Slug = "test" };
        var product = new Product
        {
            Id = 1,
            Name = "To Delete",
            Description = "Will be deleted",
            Price = 10.00m,
            CategoryId = 1
        };

        context.Categories.Add(category);
        context.Products.Add(product);
        await context.SaveChangesAsync();

        var service = new ProductService(context);

        // Act
        var result = await service.DeleteAsync(1);

        // Assert
        Assert.True(result);
        Assert.Null(await context.Products.FindAsync(1));
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task GetAllAsync_WithSearch_FiltersResults()
    {
        // Arrange
        using var context = CreateInMemoryContext();

        var category = new Category { Id = 1, Name = "Category", Slug = "category" };
        context.Categories.Add(category);

        context.Products.AddRange(
            new Product { Id = 1, Name = "Apple iPhone", Description = "Phone", Price = 999, CategoryId = 1 },
            new Product { Id = 2, Name = "Samsung Galaxy", Description = "Phone", Price = 899, CategoryId = 1 },
            new Product { Id = 3, Name = "Apple MacBook", Description = "Laptop", Price = 1999, CategoryId = 1 }
        );
        await context.SaveChangesAsync();

        var service = new ProductService(context);

        // Act
        var (items, totalCount) = await service.GetAllAsync(search: "Apple");

        // Assert
        Assert.Equal(2, totalCount);
        Assert.All(items, p => Assert.Contains("Apple", p.Name));
    }
}
```

Pengujian dijalankan dengan perintah `dotnet test` dari root proyek.

## Conclusion

.NET 8 dengan ASP.NET Core menyediakan ekosistem yang lengkap dan berperforma tinggi untuk membangun REST API profesional. Kombinasi Entity Framework Core untuk akses data, FluentValidation untuk validasi, dan dependency injection bawaan memungkinkan pembangunan aplikasi yang mudah dipelihara dan diuji.

### Checklist untuk API .NET Berkualitas

- Pisahkan DTO dari model domain
- Implementasikan service layer untuk logika bisnis
- Gunakan FluentValidation untuk validasi deklaratif
- Konfigurasi middleware penanganan error global
- Eksternalisasi konfigurasi dengan IOptions
- Tulis unit test untuk service
- Dokumentasikan API dengan Swagger/OpenAPI

Arsitektur berlapis (Controller -> Service -> Repository/DbContext) mendorong pemisahan tanggung jawab dan memudahkan evolusi aplikasi. Fitur-fitur .NET 8 seperti record, properti required, dan ExecuteDeleteAsync memodernisasi kode sekaligus meningkatkan performa.

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Source: SharpSkill (https://sharpskill.dev), tech interview preparation for your real stack.
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