# Top 30 React Interview Fragen

> Vollständiger Leitfaden zu den 30 häufigsten Fragen in technischen React-Interviews mit ausführlichen Antworten und Codebeispielen.

- Published: 2026-01-31
- Updated: 2026-04-21
- Author: SharpSkill
- Tags: react interview, frontend interview, react questions, javascript, technical interview
- Reading time: 18 min

---

Technische React-Interviews prüfen das Verständnis grundlegender Konzepte, fortgeschrittener Patterns und Best Practices. Dieser Leitfaden fasst die 30 am häufigsten gestellten Fragen zusammen, mit ausführlichen Antworten und Codebeispielen zur effektiven Vorbereitung.

> **Tipp zur Vorbereitung**
>
> Diese Fragen sind nach Schwierigkeitsgrad sortiert. Die Grundlagen zu beherrschen, bevor fortgeschrittene Konzepte angegangen werden, ermöglicht eine strukturiertere Vorbereitung.

## React-Grundlagen

### 1. Was ist das Virtual DOM und warum nutzt React es?

Das Virtual DOM ist eine leichtgewichtige JavaScript-Repräsentation des echten DOM. React nutzt diese Abstraktion, um Interface-Aktualisierungen zu optimieren.

Der Prozess läuft in drei Schritten ab: React erzeugt zunächst eine virtuelle Kopie des DOM, vergleicht diese Kopie bei Änderungen mit der vorherigen Version (Diffing-Algorithmus) und wendet schließlich nur die notwendigen Änderungen auf das echte DOM an (Reconciliation).

```jsx
// Simplified example of the concept
// When state changes, React doesn't recreate the entire DOM
function Counter() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0)

  // Only the span containing count will be updated in the real DOM
  // The rest of the component is untouched
  return (
    <div>
      <h1>Counter</h1>
      <span>{count}</span>
      <button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>+1</button>
    </div>
  )
}
```

Dieser Ansatz vermeidet kostspielige DOM-Operationen und ermöglicht performante Aktualisierungen auch bei komplexen Oberflächen.

### 2. Was ist der Unterschied zwischen Function- und Class-Components?

Function-Components sind JavaScript-Funktionen, die Props erhalten und JSX zurückgeben. Seit React 16.8 erlauben Hooks die Nutzung von State und Lifecycle innerhalb von Function-Components.

```jsx
// Functional component (recommended)
// More concise, easier to test, supports hooks
function Welcome({ name }) {
  const [visits, setVisits] = useState(0)

  useEffect(() => {
    setVisits(v => v + 1)
  }, [])

  return <h1>Hello {name}, visit #{visits}</h1>
}

// Class component (legacy)
// More verbose, requires this binding
class WelcomeClass extends React.Component {
  state = { visits: 0 }

  componentDidMount() {
    this.setState(prev => ({ visits: prev.visits + 1 }))
  }

  render() {
    return <h1>Hello {this.props.name}, visit #{this.state.visits}</h1>
  }
}
```

Function-Components sind heute der Standard. Class-Components werden weiterhin unterstützt, für neue Projekte aber nicht mehr empfohlen.

### 3. Wie funktioniert JSX?

JSX ist eine Syntaxerweiterung für JavaScript, die es erlaubt, Markup im Code zu schreiben. Es handelt sich nicht um HTML, sondern um JavaScript in anderer Form.

```jsx
// What we write (JSX)
const element = (
  <div className="container">
    <h1>Title</h1>
    <p>Paragraph</p>
  </div>
)

// What Babel compiles (pure JavaScript)
const element = React.createElement(
  'div',
  { className: 'container' },
  React.createElement('h1', null, 'Title'),
  React.createElement('p', null, 'Paragraph')
)
```

Zu den Unterschieden zu HTML gehören: `className` statt `class`, `htmlFor` statt `for`, camelCase für Attribute (`onClick`, `tabIndex`) und das verpflichtende Schließen selbstschließender Tags.

### 4. Was ist der Unterschied zwischen State und Props?

Props sind Daten, die von einer Parent-Komponente an eine Child-Komponente übergeben werden. Sie sind schreibgeschützt. State ist der interne Zustand einer Komponente und kann über Setter verändert werden.

```jsx
// UserCard.jsx
// name and role are props (immutable)
function UserCard({ name, role }) {
  // isExpanded is state (mutable)
  const [isExpanded, setIsExpanded] = useState(false)

  return (
    <div className="card">
      <h2>{name}</h2>
      <p>{role}</p>

      {/* Modifying state triggers a re-render */}
      <button onClick={() => setIsExpanded(!isExpanded)}>
        {isExpanded ? 'Collapse' : 'Details'}
      </button>

      {isExpanded && <UserDetails name={name} />}
    </div>
  )
}

// Usage
<UserCard name="Alice" role="Developer" />
```

Die Grundregel lautet: Props fließen nach unten (Parent → Child), State ist lokal zu jeder Komponente.

### 5. Warum sind Keys in Listen wichtig?

Keys helfen React dabei, zu erkennen, welche Elemente in einer Liste verändert, hinzugefügt oder entfernt wurden. Ohne eindeutige und stabile Keys kann React unerwartetes Verhalten zeigen.

```jsx
// ❌ Bad practice: index as key
// Problem: if order changes, React loses tracking
{items.map((item, index) => (
  <ListItem key={index} item={item} />
))}

// ✅ Good practice: unique and stable identifier
{items.map(item => (
  <ListItem key={item.id} item={item} />
))}

// Concrete example of the problem with indices
function TodoList() {
  const [todos, setTodos] = useState([
    { id: 1, text: 'Learn React' },
    { id: 2, text: 'Create a project' }
  ])

  // When deleting the first element with key={index}
  // React will think element 0's content changed
  // instead of understanding an element was removed

  return (
    <ul>
      {todos.map(todo => (
        <li key={todo.id}>{todo.text}</li>
      ))}
    </ul>
  )
}
```

## React Hooks

### 6. useState erklären und häufige Stolperfallen

`useState` verwaltet lokalen State in einer Function-Component. Der Setter akzeptiert entweder einen Wert oder eine Update-Funktion.

```jsx
// Declaration with initial value
const [count, setCount] = useState(0)

// ❌ Pitfall: multiple updates in the same cycle
function increment() {
  setCount(count + 1) // count = 0, sets 1
  setCount(count + 1) // count = 0 still, sets 1
  setCount(count + 1) // count = 0 still, sets 1
  // Final result: 1 (not 3)
}

// ✅ Solution: use the update function
function incrementCorrect() {
  setCount(prev => prev + 1) // 0 → 1
  setCount(prev => prev + 1) // 1 → 2
  setCount(prev => prev + 1) // 2 → 3
  // Final result: 3
}

// ❌ Pitfall: object mutation
const [user, setUser] = useState({ name: 'Alice', age: 25 })
user.age = 26 // Direct mutation, no re-render

// ✅ Solution: create a new object
setUser({ ...user, age: 26 })
// or
setUser(prev => ({ ...prev, age: 26 }))
```

### 7. Wie funktioniert useEffect mit seinem Dependency-Array?

`useEffect` führt Seiteneffekte nach dem Rendern aus. Das Dependency-Array steuert, wann der Effekt ausgeführt wird.

```jsx
// Executed on every render (rare, usually avoid)
useEffect(() => {
  console.log('Render completed')
})

// Executed only on mount (equivalent to componentDidMount)
useEffect(() => {
  console.log('Component mounted')

  // Cleanup on unmount (equivalent to componentWillUnmount)
  return () => {
    console.log('Component unmounted')
  }
}, [])

// Executed when userId changes
useEffect(() => {
  async function fetchUser() {
    const response = await fetch(`/api/users/${userId}`)
    const data = await response.json()
    setUser(data)
  }

  fetchUser()
}, [userId])

// ❌ Missing dependency - subtle bug
useEffect(() => {
  const timer = setInterval(() => {
    setCount(count + 1) // count is "captured" at its initial value
  }, 1000)
  return () => clearInterval(timer)
}, []) // count is missing from dependencies

// ✅ Fix with update function
useEffect(() => {
  const timer = setInterval(() => {
    setCount(prev => prev + 1) // No need for count in deps
  }, 1000)
  return () => clearInterval(timer)
}, [])
```

> **ESLint-Regel**
>
> Das Plugin `eslint-plugin-react-hooks` sollte immer aktiviert sein, um fehlende Dependencies zu erkennen. Diese Regel verhindert viele schwer zu diagnostizierende Bugs.

### 8. Wann sollten useMemo und useCallback verwendet werden?

Diese Hooks ermöglichen Memoization, um unnötige Neuberechnungen oder Neuerzeugungen zu vermeiden. Ein übermäßiger Einsatz sollte jedoch vermieden werden.

```jsx
// useMemo: memoizes a computed value
function ProductList({ products, filter }) {
  // Recalculated only if products or filter change
  const filteredProducts = useMemo(() => {
    console.log('Filtering...')
    return products.filter(p => p.category === filter)
  }, [products, filter])

  return <ul>{filteredProducts.map(p => <li key={p.id}>{p.name}</li>)}</ul>
}

// useCallback: memoizes a function
function ParentComponent() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0)

  // Without useCallback, handleClick is recreated on every render
  // Causing unnecessary re-renders of ExpensiveChild
  const handleClick = useCallback((id) => {
    console.log('Clicked:', id)
  }, []) // Empty deps = stable function

  return (
    <>
      <span>{count}</span>
      <button onClick={() => setCount(c => c + 1)}>+</button>
      {/* React.memo on ExpensiveChild for this to be effective */}
      <ExpensiveChild onClick={handleClick} />
    </>
  )
}

// ❌ Over-optimization: not needed here
const SimpleComponent = () => {
  // This calculation is trivial, useMemo adds overhead
  const doubled = useMemo(() => 2 * 2, [])
  return <span>{doubled}</span>
}
```

Diese Hooks sollten nur eingesetzt werden, wenn ein konkretes Performance-Problem besteht oder um Referenzen für memoisierte Komponenten stabil zu halten.

### 9. Wie funktioniert useRef und welche Anwendungsfälle gibt es?

`useRef` erstellt eine veränderbare Referenz, die zwischen Renders persistiert, ohne beim Verändern einen Re-Render auszulösen.

```jsx
// Case 1: Access a DOM element
function TextInput() {
  const inputRef = useRef(null)

  const focusInput = () => {
    inputRef.current.focus()
  }

  return (
    <>
      <input ref={inputRef} type="text" />
      <button onClick={focusInput}>Focus</button>
    </>
  )
}

// Case 2: Store a mutable value without re-render
function Timer() {
  const [seconds, setSeconds] = useState(0)
  const intervalRef = useRef(null)

  const start = () => {
    // Store the interval ID to be able to stop it
    intervalRef.current = setInterval(() => {
      setSeconds(s => s + 1)
    }, 1000)
  }

  const stop = () => {
    clearInterval(intervalRef.current)
  }

  return (
    <div>
      <span>{seconds}s</span>
      <button onClick={start}>Start</button>
      <button onClick={stop}>Stop</button>
    </div>
  )
}

// Case 3: Keep the previous value
function usePrevious(value) {
  const ref = useRef()

  useEffect(() => {
    ref.current = value
  }, [value])

  return ref.current
}
```

### 10. useContext erklären und wann einzusetzen

`useContext` greift auf einen React-Context zu, ohne Prop Drilling betreiben zu müssen. Ideal für globale Daten wie Theme oder eingeloggten Nutzer.

```jsx
// 1. Create the context
const ThemeContext = createContext({
  theme: 'light',
  toggleTheme: () => {}
})

// 2. Create the provider
function ThemeProvider({ children }) {
  const [theme, setTheme] = useState('light')

  const toggleTheme = useCallback(() => {
    setTheme(prev => prev === 'light' ? 'dark' : 'light')
  }, [])

  // Memoize the value to avoid unnecessary re-renders
  const value = useMemo(() => ({ theme, toggleTheme }), [theme, toggleTheme])

  return (
    <ThemeContext.Provider value={value}>
      {children}
    </ThemeContext.Provider>
  )
}

// 3. Use the context
function ThemedButton() {
  const { theme, toggleTheme } = useContext(ThemeContext)

  return (
    <button
      onClick={toggleTheme}
      className={theme === 'dark' ? 'bg-gray-800 text-white' : 'bg-white text-gray-800'}
    >
      {theme === 'dark' ? 'Light' : 'Dark'} mode
    </button>
  )
}

// 4. Wrap the application
function App() {
  return (
    <ThemeProvider>
      <Header />
      <Main />
      <Footer />
    </ThemeProvider>
  )
}
```

## Fortgeschrittene Patterns

### 11. Was ist eine Higher-Order Component (HOC)?

Eine HOC ist eine Funktion, die eine Komponente entgegennimmt und eine neue, erweiterte Komponente zurückgibt. Seit der Einführung von Hooks seltener im Einsatz, aber in einigen Bibliotheken weiterhin präsent.

```jsx
// HOC that adds logging
function withLogging(WrappedComponent) {
  return function WithLogging(props) {
    useEffect(() => {
      console.log(`${WrappedComponent.name} mounted with props:`, props)

      return () => {
        console.log(`${WrappedComponent.name} unmounted`)
      }
    }, [])

    return <WrappedComponent {...props} />
  }
}

// HOC that handles authentication
function withAuth(WrappedComponent) {
  return function WithAuth(props) {
    const { user, isLoading } = useAuth()

    if (isLoading) return <LoadingSpinner />
    if (!user) return <Navigate to="/login" />

    return <WrappedComponent {...props} user={user} />
  }
}

// Usage
const ProtectedDashboard = withAuth(Dashboard)
const LoggedButton = withLogging(Button)
```

### 12. Das Render-Props-Pattern erklären

Das Render-Props-Pattern teilt Logik zwischen Komponenten über eine Prop, die eine Funktion ist.

```jsx
// Component with render prop
function MouseTracker({ render }) {
  const [position, setPosition] = useState({ x: 0, y: 0 })

  useEffect(() => {
    const handleMove = (e) => {
      setPosition({ x: e.clientX, y: e.clientY })
    }

    window.addEventListener('mousemove', handleMove)
    return () => window.removeEventListener('mousemove', handleMove)
  }, [])

  // Call the render function with data
  return render(position)
}

// Usage
function App() {
  return (
    <MouseTracker
      render={({ x, y }) => (
        <div>
          Position: {x}, {y}
        </div>
      )}
    />
  )
}

// Modern version with custom hook (preferred)
function useMousePosition() {
  const [position, setPosition] = useState({ x: 0, y: 0 })

  useEffect(() => {
    const handleMove = (e) => {
      setPosition({ x: e.clientX, y: e.clientY })
    }

    window.addEventListener('mousemove', handleMove)
    return () => window.removeEventListener('mousemove', handleMove)
  }, [])

  return position
}

function App() {
  const { x, y } = useMousePosition()
  return <div>Position: {x}, {y}</div>
}
```

### 13. Wie erstellt man einen Custom Hook?

Custom Hooks extrahieren zustandsbehaftete Logik und ermöglichen deren Wiederverwendung zwischen Komponenten.

```jsx
// useLocalStorage.js
function useLocalStorage(key, initialValue) {
  // Initialize with localStorage value or default
  const [storedValue, setStoredValue] = useState(() => {
    try {
      const item = window.localStorage.getItem(key)
      return item ? JSON.parse(item) : initialValue
    } catch (error) {
      console.error(error)
      return initialValue
    }
  })

  // Setter wrapper that syncs with localStorage
  const setValue = useCallback((value) => {
    try {
      // Support update functions
      const valueToStore = value instanceof Function ? value(storedValue) : value
      setStoredValue(valueToStore)
      window.localStorage.setItem(key, JSON.stringify(valueToStore))
    } catch (error) {
      console.error(error)
    }
  }, [key, storedValue])

  return [storedValue, setValue]
}

// Usage
function Settings() {
  const [theme, setTheme] = useLocalStorage('theme', 'light')
  const [fontSize, setFontSize] = useLocalStorage('fontSize', 16)

  return (
    <div>
      <select value={theme} onChange={e => setTheme(e.target.value)}>
        <option value="light">Light</option>
        <option value="dark">Dark</option>
      </select>

      <input
        type="range"
        min="12"
        max="24"
        value={fontSize}
        onChange={e => setFontSize(Number(e.target.value))}
      />
    </div>
  )
}
```

### 14. Was ist das Compound-Components-Pattern?

Dieses Pattern erzeugt Komponenten, die implizit zusammenarbeiten, vergleichbar mit den Tags `<select>` und `<option>`.

```jsx
// Shared context between components
const TabsContext = createContext()

function Tabs({ children, defaultValue }) {
  const [activeTab, setActiveTab] = useState(defaultValue)

  return (
    <TabsContext.Provider value={{ activeTab, setActiveTab }}>
      <div className="tabs">{children}</div>
    </TabsContext.Provider>
  )
}

function TabList({ children }) {
  return <div className="tab-list" role="tablist">{children}</div>
}

function Tab({ value, children }) {
  const { activeTab, setActiveTab } = useContext(TabsContext)
  const isActive = activeTab === value

  return (
    <button
      role="tab"
      aria-selected={isActive}
      className={`tab ${isActive ? 'active' : ''}`}
      onClick={() => setActiveTab(value)}
    >
      {children}
    </button>
  )
}

function TabPanel({ value, children }) {
  const { activeTab } = useContext(TabsContext)

  if (activeTab !== value) return null

  return (
    <div role="tabpanel" className="tab-panel">
      {children}
    </div>
  )
}

// Attach sub-components
Tabs.List = TabList
Tabs.Tab = Tab
Tabs.Panel = TabPanel

// Intuitive usage
function App() {
  return (
    <Tabs defaultValue="profile">
      <Tabs.List>
        <Tabs.Tab value="profile">Profile</Tabs.Tab>
        <Tabs.Tab value="settings">Settings</Tabs.Tab>
        <Tabs.Tab value="billing">Billing</Tabs.Tab>
      </Tabs.List>

      <Tabs.Panel value="profile">Profile content...</Tabs.Panel>
      <Tabs.Panel value="settings">Settings content...</Tabs.Panel>
      <Tabs.Panel value="billing">Billing content...</Tabs.Panel>
    </Tabs>
  )
}
```

### 15. Wie implementiert man das Controlled- vs. Uncontrolled-Pattern?

Controlled Components werden in ihrem Zustand von React verwaltet, Uncontrolled Components nutzen direkt das DOM.

```jsx
// CONTROLLED component
// State is in React, component reflects that state
function ControlledInput() {
  const [value, setValue] = useState('')

  const handleSubmit = (e) => {
    e.preventDefault()
    console.log('Submitted value:', value)
  }

  return (
    <form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
      <input
        type="text"
        value={value}
        onChange={(e) => setValue(e.target.value)}
      />
      <button type="submit">Submit</button>
    </form>
  )
}

// UNCONTROLLED component
// State is in the DOM, we read it when needed
function UncontrolledInput() {
  const inputRef = useRef(null)

  const handleSubmit = (e) => {
    e.preventDefault()
    console.log('Submitted value:', inputRef.current.value)
  }

  return (
    <form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
      <input
        type="text"
        ref={inputRef}
        defaultValue=""
      />
      <button type="submit">Submit</button>
    </form>
  )
}

// Component that supports BOTH modes
function FlexibleInput({ value, defaultValue, onChange }) {
  const isControlled = value !== undefined
  const [internalValue, setInternalValue] = useState(defaultValue || '')

  const currentValue = isControlled ? value : internalValue

  const handleChange = (e) => {
    if (!isControlled) {
      setInternalValue(e.target.value)
    }
    onChange?.(e.target.value)
  }

  return (
    <input
      type="text"
      value={currentValue}
      onChange={handleChange}
    />
  )
}
```

## Performance und Optimierung

### 16. Wie funktioniert React.memo?

`React.memo` ist eine HOC, die eine Komponente memoisiert, um Re-Renders zu vermeiden, wenn sich die Props nicht geändert haben.

```jsx
// Memoized component
const ExpensiveList = React.memo(function ExpensiveList({ items, onItemClick }) {
  console.log('ExpensiveList rendered')

  return (
    <ul>
      {items.map(item => (
        <li key={item.id} onClick={() => onItemClick(item.id)}>
          {item.name}
        </li>
      ))}
    </ul>
  )
})

// Parent using the memoized component
function Parent() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0)
  const [items] = useState([
    { id: 1, name: 'Item 1' },
    { id: 2, name: 'Item 2' }
  ])

  // ❌ This function is recreated on every render
  // So ExpensiveList re-renders despite memo
  const handleClick = (id) => console.log(id)

  // ✅ Stable function with useCallback
  const handleClickStable = useCallback((id) => {
    console.log(id)
  }, [])

  return (
    <div>
      <button onClick={() => setCount(c => c + 1)}>{count}</button>
      <ExpensiveList items={items} onItemClick={handleClickStable} />
    </div>
  )
}

// Custom comparison
const MemoWithCustomCompare = React.memo(
  function Component({ user, onClick }) {
    return <div onClick={onClick}>{user.name}</div>
  },
  (prevProps, nextProps) => {
    // Return true if props are equal (skip re-render)
    return prevProps.user.id === nextProps.user.id
  }
)
```

### 17. Was sind Code Splitting und React.lazy?

Code Splitting teilt das Bundle in Chunks auf, die bei Bedarf nachgeladen werden, und reduziert so die initiale Ladezeit.

```jsx
// Lazy loading components
const Dashboard = lazy(() => import('./Dashboard'))
const Settings = lazy(() => import('./Settings'))
const Profile = lazy(() => import('./Profile'))

function App() {
  return (
    <Suspense fallback={<LoadingSpinner />}>
      <Routes>
        <Route path="/dashboard" element={<Dashboard />} />
        <Route path="/settings" element={<Settings />} />
        <Route path="/profile" element={<Profile />} />
      </Routes>
    </Suspense>
  )
}

// Conditional lazy loading
function FeaturePanel({ showAdvanced }) {
  // Component is only loaded if needed
  const AdvancedOptions = lazy(() => import('./AdvancedOptions'))

  return (
    <div>
      <BasicOptions />

      {showAdvanced && (
        <Suspense fallback={<Skeleton />}>
          <AdvancedOptions />
        </Suspense>
      )}
    </div>
  )
}

// Named exports with lazy
const { Chart } = lazy(() =>
  import('./Charts').then(module => ({ default: module.Chart }))
)
```

### 18. Wie lassen sich lange Listen optimieren?

Lange Listen können Performance-Probleme verursachen. Virtualisierung rendert nur die sichtbaren Elemente.

```jsx
// With react-window (virtualization library)
import { FixedSizeList } from 'react-window'

function VirtualizedList({ items }) {
  const Row = ({ index, style }) => (
    <div style={style} className="list-item">
      {items[index].name}
    </div>
  )

  return (
    <FixedSizeList
      height={400}
      width="100%"
      itemCount={items.length}
      itemSize={50}
    >
      {Row}
    </FixedSizeList>
  )
}

// Optimization without library: pagination
function PaginatedList({ items, pageSize = 20 }) {
  const [page, setPage] = useState(0)

  const paginatedItems = useMemo(() => {
    const start = page * pageSize
    return items.slice(start, start + pageSize)
  }, [items, page, pageSize])

  const totalPages = Math.ceil(items.length / pageSize)

  return (
    <div>
      <ul>
        {paginatedItems.map(item => (
          <li key={item.id}>{item.name}</li>
        ))}
      </ul>

      <div className="pagination">
        <button
          onClick={() => setPage(p => p - 1)}
          disabled={page === 0}
        >
          Previous
        </button>
        <span>{page + 1} / {totalPages}</span>
        <button
          onClick={() => setPage(p => p + 1)}
          disabled={page >= totalPages - 1}
        >
          Next
        </button>
      </div>
    </div>
  )
}
```

> **Schwelle für Virtualisierung**
>
> Virtualisierung wird erst ab einigen hundert Elementen relevant. Für kleinere Listen reichen Pagination oder progressives Laden meist aus.

### 19. Wie lassen sich unnötige Re-Renders vermeiden?

Das Erkennen und Eliminieren unnötiger Re-Renders ist entscheidend für die Performance. Mehrere Techniken helfen, das Rendering zu optimieren.

```jsx
// Technique 1: Separate components
// ❌ Everything re-renders when count changes
function BadExample() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0)

  return (
    <div>
      <button onClick={() => setCount(c => c + 1)}>{count}</button>
      <ExpensiveComponent /> {/* Unnecessary re-render */}
    </div>
  )
}

// ✅ ExpensiveComponent no longer re-renders
function GoodExample() {
  return (
    <div>
      <Counter />
      <ExpensiveComponent />
    </div>
  )
}

function Counter() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0)
  return <button onClick={() => setCount(c => c + 1)}>{count}</button>
}

// Technique 2: Pass children instead of rendering directly
// ✅ children is stable, no re-render of children
function ContextProvider({ children }) {
  const [value, setValue] = useState(0)

  return (
    <Context.Provider value={value}>
      {children} {/* children doesn't re-render when value changes */}
    </Context.Provider>
  )
}

// Technique 3: Use DevTools to identify re-renders
// React DevTools > Profiler > "Highlight updates when components render"
```

### 20. Was ist Automatic Batching in React 18+?

React 18 fasst State-Updates automatisch zusammen, um die Anzahl der Re-Renders zu reduzieren.

```jsx
// Before React 18: two re-renders
function handleClick() {
  setCount(c => c + 1) // Re-render
  setFlag(f => !f)      // Re-render
}

// React 18+: single re-render (automatic batching)
function handleClick() {
  setCount(c => c + 1) // Batched
  setFlag(f => !f)      // Batched
  // Single re-render at the end
}

// Even in async callbacks (React 18 novelty)
async function handleSubmit() {
  const response = await fetch('/api/submit')

  // These two updates are batched
  setData(response.data)
  setLoading(false)
  // Single re-render
}

// To force immediate re-render (rare)
import { flushSync } from 'react-dom'

function handleClick() {
  flushSync(() => {
    setCount(c => c + 1)
  })
  // DOM updated here

  flushSync(() => {
    setFlag(f => !f)
  })
  // DOM updated here
}
```

## Modernes React (18+)

### 21. useTransition und useDeferredValue erklären

Diese Hooks markieren Updates als nicht dringend, um die Reaktionsfähigkeit der Oberfläche zu erhalten.

```jsx
// useTransition: mark an update as non-urgent
function SearchResults() {
  const [query, setQuery] = useState('')
  const [results, setResults] = useState([])
  const [isPending, startTransition] = useTransition()

  const handleChange = (e) => {
    // Urgent update: input stays responsive
    setQuery(e.target.value)

    // Non-urgent update: can be interrupted
    startTransition(() => {
      const filtered = filterLargeDataset(e.target.value)
      setResults(filtered)
    })
  }

  return (
    <div>
      <input value={query} onChange={handleChange} />

      {isPending && <span>Searching...</span>}

      <ul>
        {results.map(r => <li key={r.id}>{r.name}</li>)}
      </ul>
    </div>
  )
}

// useDeferredValue: defer a value
function DeferredSearch() {
  const [query, setQuery] = useState('')
  // deferredQuery is "behind" during rapid updates
  const deferredQuery = useDeferredValue(query)

  // Show indicator during the "lag"
  const isStale = query !== deferredQuery

  return (
    <div>
      <input value={query} onChange={e => setQuery(e.target.value)} />

      <div style={{ opacity: isStale ? 0.5 : 1 }}>
        {/* Uses deferred value, fewer calculations */}
        <ExpensiveList filter={deferredQuery} />
      </div>
    </div>
  )
}
```

### 22. Wie funktioniert Suspense für Data Fetching?

Suspense verwaltet Ladezustände deklarativ. Mit React 18+ wird das auch auf Data Fetching ausgedehnt.

```jsx
// With a compatible library (React Query, Relay, etc.)
function UserProfile({ userId }) {
  return (
    <Suspense fallback={<ProfileSkeleton />}>
      <ProfileContent userId={userId} />
    </Suspense>
  )
}

// The component "suspends" during loading
function ProfileContent({ userId }) {
  // This function suspends if data isn't ready
  const user = useUserData(userId)

  return (
    <div>
      <h1>{user.name}</h1>
      <p>{user.bio}</p>
    </div>
  )
}

// Nested Suspense boundaries
function Dashboard() {
  return (
    <Suspense fallback={<DashboardSkeleton />}>
      <Header />

      <div className="grid">
        <Suspense fallback={<StatsSkeleton />}>
          <Stats />
        </Suspense>

        <Suspense fallback={<ChartSkeleton />}>
          <Chart />
        </Suspense>

        <Suspense fallback={<TableSkeleton />}>
          <RecentActivity />
        </Suspense>
      </div>
    </Suspense>
  )
}
```

### 23. Was ist useActionState (React 19)?

`useActionState` (früher `useFormState`) vereinfacht die Handhabung von Formularen mit Server Actions.

```jsx
// actions.js
'use server'

async function submitForm(prevState, formData) {
  const email = formData.get('email')
  const password = formData.get('password')

  // Validation
  if (!email || !password) {
    return { error: 'All fields are required' }
  }

  try {
    await createUser({ email, password })
    return { success: true, message: 'Account created!' }
  } catch (e) {
    return { error: e.message }
  }
}

// Component
function SignupForm() {
  const [state, formAction, isPending] = useActionState(submitForm, {})

  return (
    <form action={formAction}>
      {state.error && (
        <div className="error">{state.error}</div>
      )}

      {state.success && (
        <div className="success">{state.message}</div>
      )}

      <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Email" />
      <input name="password" type="password" placeholder="Password" />

      <button type="submit" disabled={isPending}>
        {isPending ? 'Creating...' : 'Create account'}
      </button>
    </form>
  )
}
```

### 24. Wie funktionieren Server Components?

Server Components werden ausschließlich auf dem Server ausgeführt und reduzieren so das an den Client gesendete JavaScript.

```jsx
// ServerComponent.jsx
// No "use client" = Server Component by default
import { prisma } from '@/lib/prisma'

// async/await directly in the component
export default async function ProductList() {
  // Direct database call (no API)
  const products = await prisma.product.findMany({
    orderBy: { createdAt: 'desc' },
    take: 10
  })

  return (
    <div>
      <h2>Recent Products</h2>
      <ul>
        {products.map(product => (
          <li key={product.id}>
            {product.name} - ${product.price}
            {/* Can include Client Components */}
            <AddToCartButton productId={product.id} />
          </li>
        ))}
      </ul>
    </div>
  )
}

// AddToCartButton.jsx
'use client'

// This component needs interactivity
export function AddToCartButton({ productId }) {
  const [isPending, startTransition] = useTransition()

  const handleClick = () => {
    startTransition(async () => {
      await addToCart(productId)
    })
  }

  return (
    <button onClick={handleClick} disabled={isPending}>
      {isPending ? '...' : 'Add'}
    </button>
  )
}
```

### 25. SSR-Streaming mit React 18 erklären

SSR-Streaming sendet HTML progressiv an den Browser, anstatt auf das vollständige Rendern zu warten.

```jsx
// app/page.jsx (Next.js App Router)
import { Suspense } from 'react'

export default function Page() {
  return (
    <div>
      {/* Immediate render */}
      <Header />

      {/* Streamed when ready */}
      <Suspense fallback={<MainContentSkeleton />}>
        <MainContent />
      </Suspense>

      {/* Streamed independently */}
      <Suspense fallback={<SidebarSkeleton />}>
        <Sidebar />
      </Suspense>

      {/* Immediate render */}
      <Footer />
    </div>
  )
}

// The browser receives:
// 1. HTML shell with Header, skeletons, Footer
// 2. MainContent when its request completes
// 3. Sidebar when its request completes

// loading.jsx for route-level streaming
export default function Loading() {
  return <PageSkeleton />
}
```

## State Management

### 26. Wann Redux, Context API oder andere Lösungen einsetzen?

Die Wahl hängt von der Komplexität des Zustands und den Anforderungen des Projekts ab.

```jsx
// Context API: simple state, few updates
// ✅ Good for: theme, user, preferences
const ThemeContext = createContext()

function ThemeProvider({ children }) {
  const [theme, setTheme] = useState('light')
  return (
    <ThemeContext.Provider value={{ theme, setTheme }}>
      {children}
    </ThemeContext.Provider>
  )
}

// Redux / Zustand: complex state, frequent updates
// ✅ Good for: cart, filters, complex business data
import { create } from 'zustand'

const useCartStore = create((set, get) => ({
  items: [],
  total: 0,

  addItem: (product) => set((state) => {
    const existing = state.items.find(i => i.id === product.id)
    if (existing) {
      return {
        items: state.items.map(i =>
          i.id === product.id ? { ...i, quantity: i.quantity + 1 } : i
        )
      }
    }
    return { items: [...state.items, { ...product, quantity: 1 }] }
  }),

  removeItem: (id) => set((state) => ({
    items: state.items.filter(i => i.id !== id)
  })),

  getTotal: () => get().items.reduce((sum, i) => sum + i.price * i.quantity, 0)
}))

// React Query / SWR: server state (cache, refetch)
// ✅ Good for: API data, server synchronization
import { useQuery, useMutation } from '@tanstack/react-query'

function Products() {
  const { data, isLoading } = useQuery({
    queryKey: ['products'],
    queryFn: () => fetch('/api/products').then(r => r.json())
  })

  const mutation = useMutation({
    mutationFn: (newProduct) => fetch('/api/products', {
      method: 'POST',
      body: JSON.stringify(newProduct)
    })
  })
}
```

### 27. Wie lässt sich das Reducer-Pattern umsetzen?

Das Reducer-Pattern zentralisiert die Logik komplexer State-Updates.

```jsx
// Define actions
const ACTIONS = {
  ADD_TODO: 'ADD_TODO',
  TOGGLE_TODO: 'TOGGLE_TODO',
  DELETE_TODO: 'DELETE_TODO',
  SET_FILTER: 'SET_FILTER'
}

// Pure reducer (no side effects)
function todoReducer(state, action) {
  switch (action.type) {
    case ACTIONS.ADD_TODO:
      return {
        ...state,
        todos: [
          ...state.todos,
          { id: Date.now(), text: action.payload, completed: false }
        ]
      }

    case ACTIONS.TOGGLE_TODO:
      return {
        ...state,
        todos: state.todos.map(todo =>
          todo.id === action.payload
            ? { ...todo, completed: !todo.completed }
            : todo
        )
      }

    case ACTIONS.DELETE_TODO:
      return {
        ...state,
        todos: state.todos.filter(todo => todo.id !== action.payload)
      }

    case ACTIONS.SET_FILTER:
      return { ...state, filter: action.payload }

    default:
      return state
  }
}

// Usage with useReducer
function TodoApp() {
  const [state, dispatch] = useReducer(todoReducer, {
    todos: [],
    filter: 'all'
  })

  const addTodo = (text) => {
    dispatch({ type: ACTIONS.ADD_TODO, payload: text })
  }

  const toggleTodo = (id) => {
    dispatch({ type: ACTIONS.TOGGLE_TODO, payload: id })
  }

  const filteredTodos = useMemo(() => {
    switch (state.filter) {
      case 'completed':
        return state.todos.filter(t => t.completed)
      case 'active':
        return state.todos.filter(t => !t.completed)
      default:
        return state.todos
    }
  }, [state.todos, state.filter])

  return (
    <div>
      <TodoForm onAdd={addTodo} />
      <TodoList todos={filteredTodos} onToggle={toggleTodo} />
      <FilterButtons
        current={state.filter}
        onChange={(f) => dispatch({ type: ACTIONS.SET_FILTER, payload: f })}
      />
    </div>
  )
}
```

## Testing

### 28. Wie lässt sich eine React-Komponente testen?

Komponententests prüfen die Darstellung und das Verhalten der Oberfläche.

```jsx
// Button.test.jsx
import { render, screen, fireEvent } from '@testing-library/react'
import userEvent from '@testing-library/user-event'
import Button from './Button'

describe('Button', () => {
  // Basic rendering test
  it('renders with correct text', () => {
    render(<Button>Click me</Button>)
    expect(screen.getByRole('button')).toHaveTextContent('Click me')
  })

  // Interaction test
  it('calls onClick when clicked', async () => {
    const handleClick = jest.fn()
    render(<Button onClick={handleClick}>Click</Button>)

    await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button'))

    expect(handleClick).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
  })

  // Disabled state test
  it('does not call onClick when disabled', async () => {
    const handleClick = jest.fn()
    render(<Button disabled onClick={handleClick}>Click</Button>)

    await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button'))

    expect(handleClick).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
  })

  // Async state test
  it('shows loading state', async () => {
    render(<Button isLoading>Submit</Button>)

    expect(screen.getByRole('button')).toBeDisabled()
    expect(screen.getByTestId('spinner')).toBeInTheDocument()
  })
})

// Testing a custom hook
import { renderHook, act } from '@testing-library/react'
import useCounter from './useCounter'

describe('useCounter', () => {
  it('increments counter', () => {
    const { result } = renderHook(() => useCounter(0))

    act(() => {
      result.current.increment()
    })

    expect(result.current.count).toBe(1)
  })
})
```

### 29. Wie mockt man API-Aufrufe in Tests?

Mocks isolieren Tests von externen Abhängigkeiten.

```jsx
// With MSW (Mock Service Worker) - recommended
import { setupServer } from 'msw/node'
import { http, HttpResponse } from 'msw'

const server = setupServer(
  http.get('/api/users', () => {
    return HttpResponse.json([
      { id: 1, name: 'Alice' },
      { id: 2, name: 'Bob' }
    ])
  }),

  http.post('/api/users', async ({ request }) => {
    const body = await request.json()
    return HttpResponse.json({ id: 3, ...body }, { status: 201 })
  })
)

beforeAll(() => server.listen())
afterEach(() => server.resetHandlers())
afterAll(() => server.close())

test('loads and displays users', async () => {
  render(<UserList />)

  expect(screen.getByText('Loading...')).toBeInTheDocument()

  await waitFor(() => {
    expect(screen.getByText('Alice')).toBeInTheDocument()
    expect(screen.getByText('Bob')).toBeInTheDocument()
  })
})

// Override for a specific test
test('handles error state', async () => {
  server.use(
    http.get('/api/users', () => {
      return HttpResponse.json({ error: 'Server error' }, { status: 500 })
    })
  )

  render(<UserList />)

  await waitFor(() => {
    expect(screen.getByText('Loading error')).toBeInTheDocument()
  })
})
```

### 30. Wie strukturiert man Tests für eine optimale Coverage?

Eine ausgewogene Teststrategie kombiniert verschiedene Teststufen.

```jsx
// Recommended testing pyramid:
// - Many unit tests (fast, isolated)
// - Some integration tests (components + hooks)
// - Few E2E tests (critical scenarios)

// Unit tests: pure logic
// utils/formatPrice.test.js
describe('formatPrice', () => {
  it('formats with 2 decimals', () => {
    expect(formatPrice(10)).toBe('$10.00')
  })

  it('handles zero', () => {
    expect(formatPrice(0)).toBe('$0.00')
  })
})

// Integration tests: complete component
// features/Checkout/Checkout.test.jsx
describe('Checkout', () => {
  it('completes purchase flow', async () => {
    render(
      <CartProvider>
        <Checkout />
      </CartProvider>
    )

    // Fill the form
    await userEvent.type(screen.getByLabelText('Email'), 'test@example.com')
    await userEvent.type(screen.getByLabelText('Card'), '4242424242424242')

    // Submit
    await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Pay' }))

    // Verify result
    await waitFor(() => {
      expect(screen.getByText('Order confirmed')).toBeInTheDocument()
    })
  })
})

// E2E tests with Playwright
// e2e/checkout.spec.ts
test('user can complete checkout', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/products')
  await page.click('[data-testid="add-to-cart-1"]')
  await page.click('[data-testid="checkout-button"]')

  await page.fill('[name="email"]', 'test@example.com')
  await page.fill('[name="card"]', '4242424242424242')
  await page.click('button[type="submit"]')

  await expect(page.locator('text=Order confirmed')).toBeVisible()
})
```

## Fazit

Diese 30 Fragen decken das in Interviews erwartete Kernwissen zu React ab. Wichtige Bereiche zum Beherrschen:

- ✅ **Grundlagen**: Virtual DOM, JSX, Props vs. State, Komponenten
- ✅ **Hooks**: useState, useEffect, useMemo, useCallback, useRef, useContext
- ✅ **Patterns**: HOC, Render Props, Compound Components, Custom Hooks
- ✅ **Performance**: React.memo, Lazy Loading, Virtualisierung
- ✅ **Modernes React**: Suspense, Transitions, Server Components
- ✅ **State Management**: Context, Redux/Zustand, React Query
- ✅ **Testing**: React Testing Library, Mocks, Teststrategie

Die Vorbereitung auf ein React-Interview beschränkt sich nicht auf reines Auswendiglernen. Das Üben anhand realer Projekte hilft dabei, diese Konzepte zu festigen und sie im Gespräch natürlich zu erklären.

---

Source: SharpSkill (https://sharpskill.dev), tech interview preparation for your real stack.
HTML version of this page: https://sharpskill.dev/de/blog/react-next/top-30-react-interview-questions